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Fundamentals of Networking

Fundamentals of Networking. Discovery 1, Chapter 7. Objectives. Describe wireless technology Describe the various components & structure of a wireless LAN Describe wireless security issues and mitigation strategies Configure an integrated wireless access point and wireless client.

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Fundamentals of Networking

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  1. Fundamentals of Networking

    Discovery 1, Chapter 7
  2. Objectives Describe wireless technology Describe the various components & structure of a wireless LAN Describe wireless security issues and mitigation strategies Configure an integrated wireless access point and wireless client
  3. Wireless Technologies
  4. Understanding Wireless Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio, TV, Light, X-Rays, Gamma Rays Each has a specific wavelength Like the distance between waves Wireless uses Electromagnetic Waves Same as carrying radio signals We’ll discuss the most common wavelengths
  5. Infrared (IR) Low energy Can’t go through walls, short range (30’) Line of sight One to one communication Wireless Mice & Keyboards, Remotes, PDA Infrared Direct Access (IrDA) port
  6. IR & Your TV Your TV remote has an infrared LED inside Switches on & off to create 0’s and 1’s when you push a button Push a button to send a 7 digit sequence of 0’s & 1’s Sony TV Channel Up is 0000011, channel down is 0010001
  7. Radio Frequency (RF) Wireless LAN, cordless phone, Bluetooth LAN & Phone Signal travels through walls, longer range, higher power 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz frequency Bluetooth Low speed, short range, lower power One to many devices Uses 2.4GHz Starting to use Bluetooth for wireless mice, etc.
  8. Activity- Which is it?
  9. Review Bluetooth or RF. Which has higher power output? RF Two doctors are beaming their business cards to each other through their PDAs. Which signal is being used? IR
  10. Wireless Benefits
  11. Wireless Limitations Many devices use wireless Cordless Phones 2.4GHz Interference Microwave Ovens Interference Range Solid Walls a problem Not as fast as, or reliable as, wired Security Wireless is east to access & can be intercepted Authentication & Encryption now used
  12. Types of Wireless Networks WWAN WLAN WPAN
  13. Wireless Personal Area Network Used to connect wireless mice, keyboards & PDA’s to computer IR or Bluetooth Short Range Device to device Peer to peer WPAN- SMALLEST
  14. WLAN Wireless Local Area Network RF IEEE 802.11 standards Users connect to a wired network through an Access Point (AP) Medium range
  15. Access Point Between your wired equipment and your wireless devices
  16. WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network Cell phone network GSM, CDMA Long range Government regulated
  17. Wireless Networks
  18. Review
  19. Wireless LANs
  20. Wireless Standards Specifies data speed, range, RF spectrum IEEE standards, Wi-Fi 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n Wi-Fi Alliance tests devices from manufacturer Will work with other devices w/ same logo
  21. 802.11b 1999 2.4GHz 11Mbps 150ft range indoors 300 ft range outdoors
  22. 802.11a 1999 5GHz Unused at that time Less congestion 54Mbps (faster than B) NOT compatible with b/g/n 75ft-150ft range Originally too expensive Now hard to find
  23. 802.11g 2003 2.4GHz 54Mbps 150ft range indoors 300 ft range outdoors Compatible with 802.11b
  24. 802.11n 2.4Ghz Up to 750ft range Backwards compatible b/g
  25. Wireless Components Access Point Connects wireless devices to wired network Client Any host device that connects to wireless Also known as STA (station) Bridge Antenna
  26. Omni-Directional Antenna Equally in all directions Found on APs
  27. Directional Antenna Concentrate signal in one direction Better distance Connects networks 25 miles or more apart Bridge to Bridge- connects 2 networks wirelessly
  28. Want a bridge? Aironet 1400 Find it on www.cdwg.com
  29. Activity
  30. WLANs & the SSID Your WLAN has to be identified
  31. SSID-Service Set Identifier Tells wireless devices which WLAN they belong to & which other devices they can communicate with Case-sensitive & up to 32 characters All of your devices MUST have same SSID Broadcast or Not?
  32. WLAN Install 1:Ad-hoc Mode- IBSS Wireless devices can talk to each other without involving Access Point Peer-to-peer or small networks Less $$$, no AP
  33. WLAN Install 2: Infrastructure Mode- BSS Most used AP/Router controls communication Access to Internet Basic Service Set (BSS) Area covered by a single AP
  34. Cover More Areas Connect many BSS’s to get expanded area You get an ESS, Extended Service Set Areas should overlap Think about this school & coverage
  35. Question?
  36. Question?
  37. Question?
  38. Question?
  39. Lab Activity 7.2.3.4 Setting the SSID on an AP READ THE INSTRUCTIONS!!! Click Topology, then the host View browser, follow directions
  40. Used to control multiple conversations Like how all of your TV channels travel across a cable Divides up the 2.4GHz for each conversation Selection of channels is usually automatic Sometimes they use a single wide channel to get more bandwidth Wireless Channels
  41. Going to a Concert General Admission compared to tickets for a seat What’s the different experiences? Wireless has a method to avoid collisions A “ticketing” system
  42. Wireless Detecting Collisions CSMA/CA Reserves a channel for conversation No one else may use that channel Request to Send (RTS) to the AP If available, a Clear to Send (CTS) is sent OK to send Broadcast is sent to all, notifying channel in use ACK sent to AP to notify done All devices see ACK & know channel is open
  43. CSMA/CA- (7.2.4.2)
  44. Activity- Setting the Channel 7.2.4.3 Most of the time, automatic is fine
  45. Configuring an AP
  46. Configuring the Client What is a wireless host known as? STA (station) It’s a device with wireless NIC & software for it Settings MUST match AP SSID, security settings, and channel
  47. As part of the OS OR supplied with Wireless NIC Contains link info, profiles, etc. Usually the OS one is okay Configuring the Client- Software
  48. Look at signal strength Then test data transmission Use the ping test Ping another PC 1st If that doesn’t work, ping the AP Now Test It…
  49. Lab 7.2.5.3 & 7.2.6.4 Configure the AP and Wireless Client Test
  50. Security on Wireless LANs
  51. Wireless Security Tradeoff: Ease & convenience of availability vs. putting info to the airwaves What can they do? Use your Internet for FREE Access your computers Damage files Steal private info Solution…SET UP SECURITY!
  52. Why is security important? It’s possible that an individual or a business owner can be held responsible for what an unauthorized user does with your network Computer Fraud Law Accessing a computer without authorization
  53. Getting In Easily
  54. Take Security Measures Use all of the following to secure your wireless network: Change the router password from the default Change the SSID & disable the broadcast Use MAC Address Filtering Authentication (PSK) Encryption (WPA)
  55. Wireless Security Change Router Password!
  56. Change the Password!
  57. Wireless Security Change SSID & Disable Broadcast!
  58. Change SSID & Disable Broadcast Problem SSID must be known to connect Broadcast by default Solution TURN SSID BROADCAST OFF!! Change the default settings SSID Passwords IP addresses These solutions help, but you can still be hacked!
  59. The SSID’s- Discovered!!!
  60. Wireless Security MAC Address Filtering!
  61. Get your MAC Addresses
  62. Set up MAC Address Filtering
  63. MAC Address Filtering Use your device’s MAC address to limit connectivity to you KNOWN devices You pre-configure the MACs in the AP The AP will check its list Only those in list will connect
  64. MAC Address Filtering What could go wrong? Typo on the MAC address New devices can’t enter network without adding Mac to the AP configuration MAC address cloning Sniff network traffic (MAC address in packet) Find MAC addresses on that network Change your MAC address to match one on the target network.
  65. Sniffing to Clone
  66. Wireless Security Authenticate & Encrypt!
  67. Authentication to the AP Permitting entry to network Like username & password Works with encryption methods Occurs before client connects to WLAN 3 types: Open (Default) PSK (Used at home) EAP (Used at big businesses)
  68. Open Authentication Default Anyone can connect
  69. Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) Authentication AKA “Personal” Same passphrase set on AP & Client Client asks AP to connect One way
  70. Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) Authentication AKA “Personal” Same passphrase (or key) set on AP & Client Client asks AP to connect One way
  71. EAP Authentication (Enterprise) Two-way PLUS username/password Talks to RADIUS server Has database of allowed clients In medium to large businesses
  72. Authentication & MAC Filter Authenticate 1st MAC Filtering 2nd These hacker from gaining access only!
  73. Encryption Protect data traveling through the air Prevents signal from being intercepted “Sniffing” WEP WPA Personal (WPA-PSK; WPA Personal) WPA2 Personal (WPA2-PSK; WPA2 Personal)
  74. WEP Wired Equivalency Protocol All devices use same WEP key 64 or 128 bits long Set up using a passphrase Generates Key 1 to use WEAK!!!! Same static key
  75. WPA or WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access 64 to 256 bits long New key each time client connects to AP Pick how it encrypts TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) AES (Advanced Encryption System)
  76. Review WEP/WPA _______________ the data. Encrypt PSK/EAP are used to _____________ the user to the WLAN. Authenticate WEP or WPA. Which is stronger? WPA What’s the difference between open authentication & PSK? PSK has the secret key
  77. 7.3.4.3 Configure encryption and authentication Activity
  78. You can control the type of data Entering or leaving the AP Going to/from a specific MAC or IP Block by port # Time Access Restrictions
  79. Lab 7.3.5.2 Configuring Wireless Security
  80. Planning & Installing the WLAN
  81. Planning the WLAN Determining the type of wireless standard to use Determining the most efficient layout of devices An installation and security plan A strategy for backing up and updating the firmware of the wireless devices.
  82. Wireless Standard Bandwidth requirements, coverage areas, existing implementations, and cost. This information is gathered by determining end-user requirements. Ask the following… What throughput is actually required by the applications running on the network? How many users will access the WLAN? What is the necessary coverage area? What is the existing network structure? What is the budget?
  83. Planning the WLAN Which 802.11 standards support a larger BSS? Means less equipment to buy Is there an existing standard in use? Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) which includes the purchase of the equipment as well as installation and support costs
  84. Installation of Devices Site Survey Measurements Consider interference sources & locations
  85. Install & Secure the AP
  86. Back It Up!!! 7.4.3.2 Activity Home & Small Business Select Backup Configuration in Menu To restore, select it Factory Default Setting
  87. Updating the Firmware The OS of the device is in firmware Update for new features, etc Get the current version Research issues & features that may cause you to want the upgrade Download it to a HD (directly connected machine) Select Firmware upgrade DO NOT INTERRUPT THE PROCESS!
  88. 7.4.4.2 Activity Upgrade the firmware
  89. Review
  90. Advanced Review

  91. Fundamentals of Networking

    Discovery 1, Chapter 7
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