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THE MYSTERY OF POLISH WOLVES

Discover the irrefutable beauty and variety of Polish forests and the fascinating lives of wolves in Poland. Learn about their history, habitat, hunting habits, and population. Explore the efforts to protect wolves and coexist with them in the country.

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THE MYSTERY OF POLISH WOLVES

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  1. THE MYSTERY OF POLISH WOLVES Haveyoueverconsideredhowmysterious the life in Polishforestsis? We - the habitants of the north of Poland, willtry to convinceyouabout the irrefutablebeauty and variety of ourclosestenviroment.

  2. Forests in Poland In Poland forestscoverabout 9,1 mln ha, thisisabout 29% of our country and theyaredominated by scotspine. Only 7,6 mln ha of forestsismanaged by the StateForestsNationalForest Holding. One of the most importantsector of the polisheconomyisforestrysector. Interestingfactisthatitoffersdirectemployment to 300 000 in the forest and woodindustry. (Polishwoodindustryis one of the biggest in the wholeworld). We have 23 nationalparks. The totalarea of them in 316 748, 45 ha. It isonly 1% of the country area.

  3. At the beginning… The wolfhasbeenprotectedthroughout Poland since 1998. Now, according to official data, thereareabout 1200 wolves in whole Poland and the numberisincreasing.

  4. Expansion of wolves… Between 2001 and 2005 the increase in both the number and range of the wolfpopulation was recordedonly in areas of the Vistula river and in the Carpathians. The wolvesdistribution was limited to northeastern, eastern, and southern part of the country. In central and western Poland onlyfewindividualswererecorded. Since 2005 wolveshavebegun to resettle Western Poland.

  5. Wherecan we find the wolves… Except from Poland, we cancomeacrosswolves in Europe: • Italy • France • Spain • Sweden Thiscountrieshavemoreisolatedpopulations, limited in number and geneticdiversly and verysensitive to enviromentalchanges.

  6. Where do the wolves live? Studies conducted in Poland reportedthatwolvesrequitelargeareas to function. The majority of wolfterritoriesincludeforests. The climate of the forestis of the coolcontinentaltemperaturetype with someinfluences of the Atlanticclimate. According to long term data the meanannualtemperataureis 6,8. The lowestrecordedtemperatureis -38,7, and the highest +34,5.

  7. Wolveshistory in Poland Poland’scommunists regime organised a vastwolfcull in the 60s in respond to theirperceiveddangerpayingresidents for everyanimalshotdead. The park’slostwolf was killed in 1964.

  8. Wolves’ turf According to recentstudies the overagednumber of wolves in a packvaries from to 3-5 individuals. The wolfpackterritorycoversabout 200 – 300 km 2lowland and about 100 km2 in the mountains.

  9. Wolveshunting. Wolves in Poland mostly prey on wild ungulates. They mainly hunt for red deer, roe deer and wild bear. Wolves are opportunists. They test their prey, sensing any weakness or vulnerability through visual cues and even through hearing and scent. Contrary to ambush predators that rely on the element of surprise and a short and intense burst of energy to secure their prey, wolves are endurance or coursing predators. They chase their prey, often over longer distances, sometimes even a few miles, in order to find the right animal or opportunity. On the hunt, wolves work together with certain individuals typically carrying out their specific role in the hunt, often based on age, gender and social standing.

  10. What do the wolveseat? The averagedailyconsumptionis 4-7kilos per wolf, killsareeatenvery fast, one medium packcanconsumeanadultfemale red deer in 1 ½days. Wolveseattheir food veryquickly, probably to protectit from beingstolen, and to decrease the chance of attack from otherpredators. Theyeat the bestpartsfirst, and comebacklater for the remainder, as theycan'tafford to be wasteful. Theywillhide food in the snow, oricysoil, whichhelps to preserveit, and protectit from scavengers.

  11. Population The number of wolveshasdoubled in 15 years. Before 2001, data on wolfoccurrence and numbers in the country wereprovided by huntinginventories, whichfrequentlyoverestimatednumbers by as much as 100%. Since 2001, a regularlarge-scalecensus of wolf and lynxpopulations, co-ordinated the MammalResearchInstitute PAS in Białowieża and the Association for Nature "Wolf", hasbeenconducted for the whole of Poland, in close co-operation with foresters from allforestdivisions. Between 2001 and 2005, the increase in both the number and range of the wolfpopulation was recordedonly in areas east of the Vistula river and in the Carpathians. Thuswolves’ distribution was mostlylimited to the northeastern, eastern, and southern parts of the country. In central and western Poland onlyfewindividualswererecorded. Howeversince 2005 wolveshavebegun to resettle Western Poland. Currentlythese big predatorsgradually re-coloniseforestswheretheywereextirpated by peopledozensyears ago.

  12. Damagecaused by wolves… The Polishgovermentpayscompensation for livestockskilled by wolves.

  13. Wolves’ safety Poland has one of the highest securities in the world of overleadcrossings and underparses for wildanimals. A number of studieshavebeenconducted to determine the effectiveness of wildlifecorridorsatproviding habitat connectivity (by providingviablemigrationcorridors) and reducingwildlife-vehiclecollisions. The effectiveness of thesestructuresappears to be highlysite-specific but crossingshavebeenbeneficial to a number of speciessuch as wolves.

  14. Fear of wolves: Therewerereportedattacks of wolves on humans in Europe, althoughtherearefewverifiedreports of attacks past the beggining of the 20thcentury. Todaythereisconrideredto be verylittlerisk to humans from wolves in Europe, yet public attituderemainsnegative. Researchshowsthatwolfattacksareperceived to be morecommonthantheyactuallyare.

  15. Authors : • Natalia (Natalie) Kempa • Zofia (Sophie) Ziemba • Karol (Charles) Krupiniewicz School: II Liceum Ogólnokształcące z Oddziałami Dwujęzycznymi im. Adama Mickiewicza w Słupsku Class: I b Teachers: mgr Iwona Andrzejewska & mgr ShankarDasgupta

  16. Bibliography: • Groupwork, BiosphereReserves in Poland, Agencja Reklamowo – Wydawnicza A. Grzegorczyk, 1997r., Warsaw • BeautifuBaltic Sea, BalticLandscapes of the Pomorze, Gdańska Fundacja Wody, Gdańsk • Andrzej Grzywacz, Las twoim bogactwem, Agencja Reklamowo – Wydawnicza A. Grzegorczyk, 2000r., Warszawa • Adam Wajrak, Wilki, Agora, 2015r., Warszawa • http://www.polishwolf.org.pl/wolf • http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/25/wolves-return-poland-after-being-wiped-out • http://www.wolvesandhumans.org/pdf-documents/Wolves%20in%20Poland.pdf • http://www.lasy.gov.pl/informacje/publikacje/in-english/forests-in-poland/forests-in-poland-2014/view • http://www.fao.org/forestry/43155-0df7c31227721bf2798efd6252dc2f42b.pdf • Google grafika • Wikipedia.org

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