1. Bones and the Skeletal System Advanced Biology 2013

2. Bones • Cartilage • Ligaments

3. Bones • Osseous Tissue (Connective tissue)

4. Types of Bones • Long Bones • Longer than they are wide • Produce body movements • Short Bones • Equal in length and width • Limited motion (Gliding) • Flat Bones • Enclose and protect soft organs • Provide area for muscle attachment • Irregular Bones • Vertebrae, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

5. Long Bones • Compact Bone (dense) – surrounds the medullary cavity which contains the bone marrow • Spongy Bone (cancellous)- loosely organized form of bone tissue • Diaphysis-Shaft, provides leverage • Epiphysis-Expanded head, strengthens the joints • Articular Cartilage-Where one bone meets another, Hyaline cartilage

6. Fig. 30-4 Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Spongy bone Compact bone Central cavity Yellow bone marrow Fibrous connective tissue Blood vessels Cartilage

7. Flat Bones • 2 layers of compact bone which encloses a middle layer of spongy bone (dipole)

8. Bone Cells • Osteogenic Cells- Bone producing cells • Osteoblasts-Bone forming cells • Osteocytes-Former osteoblasts-help pass nutrients and chemical signals to each other • Osteoclasts-Bone dissolving cells, on bone surface

10. Bone Marrow • Red Marrow- Childhood, produces blood cells • In adults, Red marrow is only present in vertebrae, ribs,sternum, and proximal heads of humerus and femur • Yellow-Young-middle aged adults, fatty and no longer producing blood cells • Gelatinous-Old age

11. Fig. 30-3a Skeleton Skull Clavicle Shoulder girdle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

12. Fig. 30-3b 7 cervical vertebrae Intervertebral discs 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Hip bone Sacrum Coccyx

13. Fractures

14. Healing of Fractures • 1. Hematoma Formation-Clot • 2. Formation of granulation tissue • 3. Callus formation (4-6 weeks) • 4. Remodeling (3 months)

15. Joints • Fibrous Joints- Sutures • Cartilaginous Joints- Vertebrae • Bony Joints- Mandible/frontal bone • Synovial Joints • Ball and socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding, and Condyloid