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NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS. UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEM & ENERGY STUDIES DEHRADUN. INTRODUCTION: Man lives in nature and depends on the resources of nature. The progress of mankind depends upon the exploitation of different natural resources.

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NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS

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  1. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEM & ENERGY STUDIES DEHRADUN

  2. INTRODUCTION: Man lives in nature and depends on the resources of nature. The progress of mankind depends upon the exploitation of different natural resources. The utilization of soil, water, coal, electricity, oil, gas and nuclear energy is very important for the development of the nation.

  3. These resources have changed the level of living standard of man.Of the total population of four billion, one million in USA and Europe alone use around 70-80% of world’s total energy.

  4. Two billion people of India, China, Brazil and few other countries use only 15%. India contains the world largest resource of manganese and iron. Fossil fuels (coal, petrol and natural gas) on which modern industrial centers are based are limited. If the present rate of consumption continues, fossil fuels may be drastically depleted leading to severe energy crises.

  5. The major leading coal producing countries are China, USA, Germany, U.K., Japan, India, Poland and France. The major oil producing countries are USA, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Libya, Arab Republic and Indonesia. New discovery of oil has been made recently in the sea beds of Mumbai (India).

  6. India is facing an ecological crisis and is degrading its natural resources day by day. Now the shortage of natural resources is a matter of international concern. .

  7. There is increasing deficiency of energy metals, coal, non-fuel and non-metallic minerals. With regards to fuel there is a great concern over the huge outflow of foreign exchange and every year enough oil is purchased from the Middle East countries which are major sources of petroleum

  8. We all are aware of the fact that earlier the human being was the essential part of the nature and human society has impact on the other components of the biosphere. However, with the advancement of social and Cultural Revolution which came in the twentieth century there has been a growing conflict between man and nature.

  9. Due to unending human greed man has destroyed the nature to the maximum for his little gain and made himself the master of nature. On account of such un thoughtful and ruthless exploitation. The human society has vastly modified the ecosystem found in different parts of the world and has brought undesirable changes in the natural habitats.

  10. Consequently some natural stocks of plants and animals have disappeared. About 1000 species are currently threatened in or dangerously rare.

  11. Out of the total of approximately 0.3 million species of the plants in the world , approximately 20,000/ are in the category of either endangered or threatened with extinction by the next decade. The situation has become so serious that it is necessary to take some precautionary steps so that the complications may not become worse further.

  12. There are various problems which have arisen due to industrial and agricultural developmental activities of pollution. Many of these problems are due to management of natural resources and the impacts are not localized but are universal in nature. It has been estimated that the quantity of CO2 will be doubled in 23 years and all the oil and natural gas resources will be no more available after 50 years and coal will be almost consumed withinn150 years.

  13. There are four basic reasons of the depletion of natural resources. • Rapid population increase • Pollution • High consumption of resources • Deterioration of land

  14. RAPID POPULATION INCREASE: • There has been a tremendous increase in India ‘s population and • will be about 130 billion by the next decade. • An increase in population will decrease all types of natural • resources and consequently result in environmental pollution.

  15. Ultimately, there will be short supply or detoriating quality of natural resources. This is because increase in population will increase the demand of natural resources and environment. At present, the world population is 3600 million and is increasing by two percent every year.

  16. The industrialized countries have annual growth rate of 0.5 to 1% The developing countries have annual growth rate of 2 to 3%. The per capita use of energy and mineral resources shows a difference between the developed countries of the world. The developed countries consume less but their resources are enough.

  17. The population and per capita consumption have a considerable impact on the environment. The world can not meet the continuous increased demand for natural resources.

  18. 2. POLLUTION: We are detoriating our environment due to increasing population. We are polluting lakes, streams, rivers by sewage, industrial wastes, heat radioactive materials, detergents, fertilizers and pesticides. Besides these , we are releasing a number of toxic materials into our surroundings.

  19. The uncontrolled use of pesticides has disturbed the entire food chains by which animals including man are affected. Recent researches have revealed that the proportion of pesticides in our body has deleterious effects on heart and liver and higher concentration may cause several other diseases including cancer.

  20. Many gases e.g. carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide are known to cause respiratory troubles. The unplanned and uncontrolled industrial growth may adversely affect or destroy the health of the society.

  21. 3. CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS:Due to tremendous increase of population, most of the natural resources are being consumed.The high rate of consumption has disturbed our ecosystem. But on the other hand, many of the natural resources are essential to man for the basic needs.

  22. Many industries require raw materials which are essential for the advancement of the country. However there is no doubt that high consumption will affect adversely the quality of our environment either by unwise use of natural resources or by increasing pollution.

  23. 4. DETORIATION OF LAND: Due to excessive consumption of minerals of the soil by cropping or soil erosion or other natural events, fertility of the soil is lost and land deteriorates gradually. Sometimes draught also results in deterioration of land and many nutrients of the top soil are destroyed and their fertility is lost. as a results of the cropping, the mineral cycling of soil nutrients is greatly reduced.

  24. Erosion has also depleted soil fertility because most of the mineral remain in the upper part of the soil and they are easily removed by wind or washed away by water. For the proper economic development lands for cropping, forest, recreation, urban land, transportation and wild life are needed but they are reduced day by day.

  25. DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR • CONSERVATION: • Basically the natural resources may be of two types: • RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES: • These resources can be replenished and do not change the • ecological balance. The cut trees can be grown again, soil forms • again and animals reproduce themselves.

  26. B. NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES:These are the Resources which once used up will be exhausted for ever.It is clear if the man wants to continue to survive on this planet , he must conserve the natural resources rather than exploit them. We should use the resources wisely and judiciously without wasting themThese resources and their conservation can be discussed under the following heads.

  27. MINERAL RESOUCES: • Now it is known that the world resources of minerals , oils and • natural gas are limited. Mineral resources are of several types • METALLIC MINERALS: • Under this category are mainly iron, non-ferrous metals, silver and • gold are important.

  28. NON-METTALIC MINERALS:These are called non-metallic or industrial minerals include a wide variety of substances which comprise the building materials such as rock and gravels, cement and clay.

  29. There are three important conservation approaches which should be taken in to consideration:To reduce wastes and to minimize the demand By changing the way of life, and To increase and reclamation and recycling of materials.

  30. Solid wastes should be reutilized for their energy content and it is possible to recycle the materials and the reserve is to be met by reclamation. Increasing the amount of reclamation, the total demand can be met with a decrease in the consumption of new materials.

  31. 2. FOREST RESOURCES:Forests are important natural resources. It is most important natural habitat for wild life. It is also utilized by formers for commercial and recreational purpose

  32. Forests plays very important role in keeping the atmospheric balance by consuming CO2 and releasing O2. , the letter is essential for life. So the removal of plants and trees would disturb the composition of natural air.

  33. If a forest is cut down, energy stored in the wood is lost and most of the nutrients of the system are lost. Such deforestation leaves appor soil ,which can support agriculture only for short time, because the harvesting of the first few crops removes the other remaining nutrients and renders its uses. Deforestation causes other disastrous results also. Removal of trees exposes the surface of the land resulting into erosion.

  34. Soil is then washed away. Soil erosion is particularly more on hill sides where heavy rain sweeps soil downhill to choke rivers.Social forestry can play a very important role to check flood and draught , which affect 34-68 million hectares of land respectively.

  35. 3. WILD LIFE RESOURCES: Wild life provides recreational and economic benefits to man. Recreational and economic benefits are closely related to each other. For e.g. Fishing and hunting provide entrainment and economic benefit to man. Wild life includes 350 species of mammals, 1200 species of birds and more than 20,000 species of insects.

  36. The causes of decline of wildlife in India are many, wild elephants were captured and trained for use in war; rhinos were killed for making shield. Forests were cleared for the development of agriculture, industry and other developmental projects. Wild animals were mercilessly were killed, which resulted in decline of their number and they are facing extinction now.

  37. Many species of wild life have become extinct or in the way of extinction. Until now around 106 species of animals and 139 species of birds have become extinct due to the climate and geographical changes and by the hunting of man and about 600 species of birds are going to be extinct if they are not protected. The protection of wild life from unwanted destruction is called conservation.

  38. Conservation is an intelligent and judicious management of resources, optimum utilization without depleting the basic stock.Now a days government has made one act against hunting of w ild life and under this act hunting of wild animals is banned such as elephants, lion, leopard and crocodile .

  39. 4. WATER RESOURCES: Water is most important for the life of living organisms such as plants, animals and man. It is also essential for agriculture, industries drinking and many other purposes.

  40. It has been estimated that the annual production of water through rain is about 370000 cubic kilometer and total water which is usedannually is about 10,000 cubic kilometer.Still there is shortage of water and there are two man reason of its shortage . Firstly, there is no proper utilization and distribution of water and secondly water quality is detoriated. To day there is great problem about water pollution.

  41. Many of the wastes of human society are disposed of in the river, lake and ocean and water becomes polluted and not fit for drinking and other purposes. Common effects on water bodies are: • Addition of poisonous substances • Addition of suspended particles • Reduction of oxygen • Heating of water

  42. Proper drainage • Proper storage by dams • Pumping of ground water • Flood control

  43. 5. SOIL RESOURCES:The top layer of the earth is called soil, which is very fertile because it contains minerals and humus.Soil is natural habitat for plants and animals. It provides water and nutrients to the living organisms. soil is much damaged through tree cutting running water and wind. It has been estimated that from 1959 to 1969 there was a loss of 16.9 lacs of hectare of land.

  44. Trees check the force of strong winds which causes the fertile soil to move from its original place. Thus trees act as wind breakers. • Roots of the soil bind the soil firmly. This prevents the soil erosion from rain and floods and fertile soil is checked from damage

  45. Soil fertility can be restored by supplementing manures and fertilizersPlants and animals when die are decomposed by bacteria and fungi, which increase the fertility of soil.

  46. . MARINE RESOURCES:The ocean covers nearly three fourth of earth’s surface . ocean has been the sources of many needs of man from the time immemorial.The rapid growth of human population and the advancement of industrialization have exerted great pressure ocean resources and ocean environment. According to one study about 35 km3 of sewage and 3.5 km3 of industrial wastes released annually into the coastal waters of India.

  47. In addition the offshore oil installations have added another stress on the ocean environment. The task of harnessing the potential of ocean resources for the development purposes is of great importance. .

  48. We should pay attention to the development of necessary resources of ocean when our land resources are in short supply.Now much awareness is needed by the national government and international agencies including United nations about conservation of ocean’s wealth

  49. Thank you

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