1 / 24

CHAPTER 21

CHAPTER 21. Orthopedic Surgery . Objectives. After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Recognize the relevant anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system Summarize the pathology of the musculoskeletal system that prompts surgical intervention and the related terminology

branxton
Télécharger la présentation

CHAPTER 21

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 21 Orthopedic Surgery

  2. Objectives • After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Recognize the relevant anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system • Summarize the pathology of the musculoskeletal system that prompts surgical intervention and the related terminology • Determine any preoperative orthopedic diagnostic procedures/tests

  3. Objectives (cont’d.) • Determine any special preoperative preparation related to orthopedic procedures • Indicate the names and uses of orthopedic instruments, equipment, and supplies • Determine the intraoperative preparation of the patient undergoing an orthopedic procedure • Summarize the surgical steps of the orthopedic procedures

  4. Objectives (cont’d.) • Interpret the purpose and expected outcomes of the orthopedic procedures • Recognize the immediate postoperative care and possible complications of the orthopedic procedures

  5. Bone and Bone Tissue • Characteristics of bones • Living tissue • Provide form and structure to the human body • Actively involved in maintenance of homeostasis • Skeletal system • Comprises bones and other structures that make up the joints of the skeleton

  6. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Skeleton functions • Provides a framework to support the body • Serves as points of attachment for muscles • Protects some internal organs from injury • Serves as a source of red blood cells • Serves as a storage site and source of calcium

  7. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Bone tissue • Compact or cortical bone: hard, dense tissue of bone that surrounds the marrow cavity • Cancellous or spongy bone: found at ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow cavity • Surrounding bone: thin, fibrous layer of tissue (i.e., periosteum) • Bone marrow: semisolid tissue that is found in the spaces of cancellous bone

  8. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Types of bones: refer to Figures 21-1, 21-3 and 21-4 • Long bones: bones of the arm (humerus), legs (femur), hands, and feet (phalanges) • Short bones are the bones of the wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals) • Flat bones: ribs, scapula, sternum, and cranial bones • Sesamoid (round) bones: found within tendons

  9. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Types of joints • Immovable • Slightly Movable • Freely Movable • Ball-and-Socket • Condyloid • Gliding • Hinge and pivot • Saddle

  10. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Terms related to joint movements • Refer to Table 21-1 • Mineral storage • Bone contains large quantities of calcium • Factors that affect bone growth • Hormones, heredity, nutrition, and exercise

  11. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Pathology • Musculoskeletal system is prone to numerous types of pathological conditions • Refer to Table 21-2 • Types of fractures  • Complete or incomplete • Normal bone healing • Complete bone healing of fracture is expected in 8–12 weeks

  12. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Normal process of bone healing • Inflammation • Cellular proliferation • Callus formation • Ossification • Remodeling

  13. Bone and Bone Tissue (cont’d.) • Pathological bone healing • Disruption at any stage can be responsible for a variety of abnormal conditions • Distraction • Avascular necrosis • Compound fracture • Delayed union, nonunion, and malunion • Compartmental syndrome • Casts: refer to Table 21-3 • Method utilized to immobilize a fracture

  14. Diagnostic Procedures and Tests • Common orthopedic diagnostic procedures and tests: refer to Table 21-4 • Radiography • Standard X-rays • Fluoroscopy

  15. Instrumentation, Routine Equipment, and Supplies • Instrumentation: refer to Table 21-5 • Orthopedic procedures • Require a general orthopedic set with soft tissue and basic bone instrumentation • Also require specific sets with instruments for exposure, reduction, and internal fixation of a bone, for replacement of a joint; or for the placement of an intramedullary rod • Procedures for the hand or foot • Typically require a minor orthopedic or hand set

  16. Routine Equipment • Orthopedic surgery has special equipment and instrumentation requirements • Positioning devices • Pneumatic tourniquets • Traction • Lasers • Air flow • Continuous passive range-of-motion machines

  17. Routine Equipment (cont’d.) • Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation • Electrical stimulation of bone • Saws, drills, and reamers • Arthroscopic equipment • Other routine equipment

  18. Routine Supplies • Field of orthopedics requires a large number of supplies • Implants • Suture • Polymethyl methacrylate • Other routine supplies

  19. Orthopedic Surgical Procedures • Shoulder procedures • Shoulder arthroscopy • Bankart procedure, open • Bankart procedure, arthroscopic with suture anchors • Acromioplasty, open • Acromioplasty, arthroscopic • Total shoulder arthroplasty

  20. Orthopedic Surgical Procedures (cont’d.) • Procedures of the radius • External fixation of a Colles’ fracture • ORIF radius • Hip procedures • ORIF hip fracture • Total hip arthroplasty • Femoral procedures • Repair of femoral shaft fracture with AO titanium femoral nail system

  21. Orthopedic Surgical Procedures (cont’d.) • Knee procedures • Arthroscopy of the knee joint with repair of torn meniscus • ACL repair • Above-the-knee amputation (AKA) • Below-the-knee amputation (BKA) • Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

  22. Orthopedic Surgical Procedures (cont’d.) • Ankle and foot procedures • Triple arthrodesis • Achilles tendon repair • Bunionectomy

  23. Summary • This chapter reviewed: • Anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system • The pathology of the musculoskeletal system that prompts surgical intervention • Preoperative orthopedic diagnostic procedures/tests • Orthopedic instruments and equipment • Orthopedic procedures

More Related