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The Islamic World

The Islamic World. 13.1 | Islamic Civilization at its Height. Contrary to Christian sectarianism Muslims defined Islam in terms of what Muslims do By practice, rather than belief Ramadan The Hajj Sufi piety Different to monasticism An idea of Islamic devotion and knowledge

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The Islamic World

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  1. The Islamic World 13.1 | Islamic Civilization at its Height

  2. Contrary to Christian sectarianism • Muslims defined Islam in terms of what Muslims do • By practice, rather than belief • Ramadan • The Hajj • Sufi piety • Different to monasticism • An idea of Islamic devotion and knowledge • A community of informed practice Islamic Unity

  3. The Islamic World Two main regions Spain (Al-Andalus) and Moroccan North Africa Egypt, Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and the East The Mongols will complicate things later

  4. Andalusian culture can still be seen • The cathedral at Cordoba • The Alhambra • Cultural center of the Western Mediterranean • Renowned for its • Medicine and science • Literature and intellectual life • Commercial activity • Public baths, gardens, and courtly life • The Spanish Reconquista c. 1000 – 1492 • Exclusion of all non-Catholics Al-Andalus

  5. Shi’ite Fatimids in Egypt (Muhammad’s daughter Fatima) • Built Cairo 969 “the Victorious” • Al-Azhar mosque • Fatimid defector to Elburz mountains: Hashishiyyin • Ayyubid Dynasty • Salah al-Din (Saladin) • Recaptured Jerusalem 1187 • Halted the 3rd Crusade • The Mamluks of Egypt • Originally slave bodyguards: overthrow • Conquered the last of the crusader states • Harbored the last Abbasid caliph • Defeated the Mongols 1260: the only Islamic dynasty • Converted the Mongols to Islam Egypt and the Eastern Med

  6. Immigration and integration of Turkomansc. 900 • Autonomous growth of Turkic states in Central Asia • The Seljuk Turks • Conquered Baghdad 1055 • Manzikert 1071 • The Seljuks of Rum (“Rome”) • Islamic Central Asia massacred Mongol ambassadors when asked to surrender • Genghis Khan’s famous reciprocity Islamic Asia before the Mongols

  7. Hulagu Khan (grandson) r. 1256-1265 • Crossed the Oxus river • Destroyed every Iranian state • Destroyed Bagdad and the Abbasid caliph 1258 • 80,000 citizens massacred • The Golden Horde converts to Islam • Fights against Hulagu • Sends aid to Mamluks • Hulagu defeated 1260 • Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) • Brutal expansion of the Il-Khanate • Not empire-building • Wrought death, disease, devastation, and political chaos in the Islamic world • Recovery was minimal • End of Asiatic nomad superiority (gunpowder) Mongols in the Islamic World

  8. Islamic conquest of Sind (southern Pakistan) • “Caste-less” system attractive to Hindus • Indian Ocean trade • Indonesia slowly converted to Islam • Peaceful blending with local traditions The Spread of Islam

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