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Complementary Nutrition: Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements. BIOL 103, Chapter 3. Today ’ s Topics. Functional Foods Phytochemicals Food Additives Types & Regulations Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals Natural Health Products Regulations and Claims
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Complementary Nutrition: Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements BIOL 103, Chapter 3
Today’s Topics • Functional Foods • Phytochemicals • Food Additives • Types & Regulations • Dietary Supplements: • Vitamins and Minerals • Natural Health Products • Regulations and Claims • Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Functional Foods • What is it? • Functional foods: a food that may provide a health benefit ________________ basic nutrition. • Foods can be classified as functional foods if they contain: • naturally-occurring phytochemicals • “vitamins, ________________, _______________, etc.” - fortification
Phytochemicals • Phytochemicals are substances that have health benefits, but they may not be essential to life • makes food functional • act as ____________________________ • Neutralize free radicals • Reduce heart disease and cancer risk • Found naturally in fruits, vegetable, whole grain, legumes, and wine
Examples and Benefits of Phytochemicals • Table 3.1: Examples of Functional Components • Lycopene (prostate health) • Omega-3 fatty acids (heart, mental and visual function) • Isoflavones/soy products (bone, brain, immune system, menopause) • Probiotics (gut health, immune system) • Flavonoids (cellular antioxidants defenses)
Foods Enhanced with Functional Ingredients • Foods can be enhanced with functional ingredients during ___________________
What is a free radical and what does it do? • While the body metabolizes oxygen, 1-2% of cells will get damaged in the process turn into ________________________ (“active oxidants”) • Normally, free radicals oxidize/damage; this may lead to chronic diseases: • DNA, cell structures cancer and cell aging • Lipids heart disease
Formation of Free Radicals Cellular and environmental factors can cause free radicals to form Free radicals can DNA damage
How do phytochemicals work to prevent chronic disease? • Phytochemicals such as flavonoids are antioxidants that can ___________________ free radicals.
How do phytochemicals work to prevent chronic disease? Phytoestrogens either modify estrogen metabolism or block effect of estrogen on cell growth
Regulatory Issues for Functional Foods • To monitor the products, FDA categorizes into the following: • [Conventional] Food include: • the product that we eat/drink • components that make up the product. • Drug: substance intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, prevent disease • Dietary Supplements: products meant to supplement a diet, but are not conventional foods. • “Food Additives”
Food Additives • Additives: substances added to food for various functions • 2 types of additives: • Direct • Indirect
5 Purposes of Direct Additives • Maintain product consistency • Improve or __________ nutritional value • Keep food appetizing and wholesome • Provide leavening or control acidity and alkalinity • Enhance flavor or _____________
Vitamins as Food Additives in Alcohol? Alcohol Metabolism
Regulation of Food Additives by the FDA • Additives fall into 4 Regulatory Categories: • Food Additives • Color Additives • Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)substances • Prior-sanctioned substances
Regulation of Food Additives by the FDA • Food Additives • Must have FDA approval • ________________________must prove safety • Color Additives:any dye/pigment or other substance that can impact color when added to a food, drug, cosmetic, or to a human body. • Certified color additives used in foods are man-made.
Regulation of Food Additives by the FDA 3. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS):substances that can be added to foods by manufacturers without establishing rigorous scientific tests. 4. Prior-sanctioned Substances:substances that FDA and/or USDA determined were safe to use in specific foods before Sept 1958.
Delaney Clause • Delaney Clause: food and color additives cannot be approved if they cause cancer in humans or animals. • Agree or Disagree?
Strategies for Functional Food Use • Stick with science • Eat fruit and vegetables • Eat nutrition-fortified products as needed • Read, read, read (scientific articles) • Be critical of advertising and hype • “if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is!”
Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals • Various forms of dietary supplements: • Examples: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, glandular extracts, enzymes, etc. • 2 levels of vitamin and mineral supplementation: • Moderate doses: ___________ the range of the Daily Values (DVs) • Megadoses: high levels _________________ DVs
Who should seek moderate supplementation? • Those with increased nutrient needs and/or poor intake include: • Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant • Pregnant and breastfeeding women • Women with heavy menstrual losses • Children (picky eaters)
Who should seek moderate supplementation? • People with severe food restriction • Strict vegetarians who do not eat animal foods and dairy products • Elderly
When looking for moderate supplementation… • If you are looking for moderate supplementation: • Look for brands that contain at least _______ vitamins and minerals • No more than ______% of your DV
Megadoses in Conventional Medical Management • Situations in which doctors are likely to prescribe megadoses: • Treatment of severe deficiencies • Malabsorption syndromes: when individual cannot absorb enough nutrients in their gut. • Drug interactions • A vitamin at megadose levels can have “drug-like effects,” thus, patients may suffer serious side-effects.
Megadosing Beyond Conventional Medicine: Orthomolecular Nutrition • Orthomolecular medicine: the preventive or therapeutic use of high-dose vitamins to treat a disease. • Linus Pauling, 1968 • Q: Does consuming a lot of Vitamin C prevent cold?
Drawbacks of Megadoses • Can act as a drug • Can create deficits of other nutrients by interfering with absorption of others • Can interfere with functions of other nutrients • In general, more dangerous to megadose with minerals than vitamins
Dietary Supplements: Natural Health Products • Natural health products • Used in Herbal therapy (phytotherapy) • Little scientific evidence of efficacy, safety • All foods are made up of _________ components • Advertisements use “100% Natural” • The general American consumer believes that natural foods are more “wholesome, nutritious, and healthy.” • Traditional Herbalists vs. Conventional Medicine
Helpful Herbs, Harmful Herbs • NCCAM and NIH mission: to investigate using science to make sure herbs, herbal therapy and related practices are safe and healthy • Main idea: “if strong enough to help, strong enough to ____________” • Not all herbs are good for you • Poor quality • Too much herbs may cause negative effects • Herbs may interact with doctor prescribed medicines • Table 3.5 Herb-Drug Interactions
Dietary Supplement in the Marketplace • Manufacturers have freedom of speech and press. • Thus, they are allowed to to a wide variety of claims for product effects without having to provide scientific evidence to support those claims.
FTC and Supplement Advertising • FTC (Federal Trade Commission)is responsible for ensuring that advertisements and commercials are truthful and do not mislead. • Depends on and encourages self-monitoring by the supplement industry • FTC’s “Operation and Cure All”– online version
FDA and Supplement Regulation • FDA has primary responsibility for regulating labeling and content of dietary supplements under 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) • So how do you know if it’s a dietary supplement?
The FDA and Supplement Regulation • Dietary supplements and their ingredients are NOT drugs and are NOT additives. • Drugs require _____________ tests for safety, effectiveness, dosing, etc., BEFORE and AFTER marketing. • Food additives also require approval BEFORE marketing • Supplement approval by FDA is not required • Thus, FDA must prove it isn’t safe AFTER it is on the market…
Supplement Labels Mandatory requirements are: Name of Dietary Supplement Amount of dietary supplement Nutrition Labeling The Ingredient List Name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
Dietary Supplements and Claims • Health claims (associated with disease/health condition) • Structure/functional claims • Must have “disclaimer” statement on label: “this statement has not been evaluated by the FDA.” • Nutrient content claims • Consistent with definitions approved for foods
Choosing Dietary Supplements • Ask the following questions: • Is the quantity enough to have an effect? • Is the product new to you? • What is its bioavailability? • There is little data on bioavailability of herbal preparations and other types of non-nutrient supplements.
Choosing Dietary Supplements • Ask the following questions (cont.): • Can it interact with any prescription or other medications you are taking? • Does the product promise too much? • Who is selling the product? • Multilevel marketing: system of selling in which each salesperson recruits assistants who then recruit others to help them. The person at each level collects a commission on sales made by later recruits.
Choosing Dietary Supplement • U.S. Pharmacopea (USP) is a verification mark that verifies: • Contains ingredients declared on the label • Contains the amount or strength of ingredients declared on the label • Meets requirements for limits on potential contaminants • Has been manufactured properly by complying with USP and FDA manufacturing standards
Fraudulent Products • ~_____ of herbal supplements on the market may be outright fraudulent. • Remember, dietary supplements, unlike foods and drugs, are not reviewed/tested to be effective by the FDA. • Examples of potential warning signs: • Claim to be alternatives to FDA-approved drugs • Claim to be legal alternative to steroids • Marketed primarily in a foreign language/mass emails
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) • Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): therapies and treatment outside the medical mainstream. • Alternative practices used in ___________ of conventional medicine. • Complementary practices used in ___________ to conventional medicine. • 40% adults and 12% children in America use some form of CAM therapy.
CAM and Nutrition • Alternative nutrition practices include diets to prevent and treat diseases not shown to be ___________-related • Usually alternative nutrition practices are: • Overly restrictive • Depart from established guidelines (My Plate) • Lack rigorous scientific evidence • Reliance on raw foods, herbal/botanical supplements, megadoses of vitamin/mineral supplements
CAM and Nutrition • Nutrition in CAM • Vegetarian diets (alternative) • When individual go “meatless” to treat a disease • Macrobiotics diet (alternative) • Emphasizes fresh and unprocessed food, low-fat, whole grains, vegetables, and less fluids.
Food Restriction and Food Prescriptions • Many societies use dietary changes to treat or prevent illness • The treatments are ________________ diets are based on cultural factors than science. • Fad diets most often eventually fail because they do not work. • The few that prove effective and have a scientific basis become integrated into conventional nutrition and diet therapy.