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More About the Cold War

More About the Cold War. Chapters 32 and 35. 1950s & 60s US and Soviet Tensions. Competition between US and USSR to place a man on the moon and explore space Cuba- Castro seizes power- Bay of Pigs- failed US attempt to help Cuban exiles retrieve control

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More About the Cold War

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  1. More About the Cold War Chapters 32 and 35

  2. 1950s & 60s US and Soviet Tensions • Competition between US and USSR to place a man on the moon and explore space • Cuba- Castro seizes power- • Bay of Pigs- failed US attempt to help Cuban exiles retrieve control • Missile Crisis- USSR removed missiles, USA will not invade Cuba

  3. Three Worlds collide • First World= industrialized, capitalist nations • Second World= Communist nations • Third World= developing, newly independent nations not aligned with either superpower

  4. Strategies of the Cold War • Foreign Aid • Espionage • Multinational Alliances • Propaganda • Brinkmanship • Surrogate Wars

  5. 1970s- 80s Tensions ContinueIRAN Westernized with US assistance Ayatollahs- Muslim leaders disagreed Ayatollah Khomeini- living in exile, returned and set up an Islamic govt. New Anti-US policies 60 US Hostages in 1979 held for 444 days A. K. urged Muslims to overthrow their govts. (Including S. Hussein) War b/t Iran & Iraq- US gave aid to both sides, USSR only to Iraq

  6. Afghanistan and the 1980s • Communist govt. from 1950s • 1970s Muslim revolt= Russia invaded • Afgan mujahideen (holy warriors) defeated Soviets (with US HELP) • To protect oil, Carter stopped grain shipments, boyotted the 1980 Olympics- • Gorbachev- removed Soviet troops from Mid. East in 1989

  7. China • Civil War picked up • Communists won • Taiwan breaks away (Nationalist) • New Mandate of Heaven- claimed by Mao and Communists • Seized all land, killed those who resisted and gave it to peasants • Great Leap Forward= Nationalized businesses and made collective farms, urged small farms- failed • Softened up communist ideas, but restarted them in 1966

  8. Communism in China • Red Guards- millions of students respond to a complete communist revolution • Cultural Revolution- • Goal- establish a society in which all workers and peasants are equal • Intellect and art- dangerous and useless • Colleges and schools shut down • Resisters were executed or imprisoned • Mao realized he had to stop the CR in 1968

  9. Chinese Reforms • 1960s split with the USSR • 1970s China reaches out to the USA • Four Modernizations (Deng) • Agriculture- leased land- fixed quota to govt- the rest for the farmer • Industry- allowed some private businesses to operate • Defense- sought new technology • Science and technology- welcomed foreign influences and goods

  10. Tiananmen Square • Problems with reform • Gap b/t rich and poor • Western ideas for politics- students questioned lack of political freedom • Students demand democracy • Student protest in the square • Won support of others • Huge gathering in the square • June 4, 1989- standoff ended soldiers stormed the square attacked and killed hundreds, wounded thousands

  11. China Today • After Deng’s death, communication b/t USA and China increased • China is economically open, but politically closed • China maintains economic growth • Economic and social conditions are improving- educational opportunities • 2000- USA normalized trade with China • 2008- China will host the Olympics

  12. What About Africa? • Following WWII European nations gave up colonies • Late 1950’s many, though not ready, gained independence • Nigeria- civil wars, federal system, martial law, differing cultural groups don’t trust each other, relief from debt from other nations, still have war, corruption, poverty, hunger, and violence BUT their oil exports are growing and they have economic growth

  13. Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah, the African Prime Minister of Ghana, created a new Constitution • The constitution allowed for some African representation in the government • Kwamebecame president and Ghana was first African State to achieve independence in 1957

  14. South Africa • Former Dutch Colony • Apartheid- complete separation of races • Blacks protested Nelson Mandela’s arrest • 1976- riots over the death of Stephen Biko in Soweto (Black Township) • Western nations boycotted S. Africa. • Mandela freed • Apartheid ended. • Today- biggest problem is AIDS epidemic

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