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第八章 肝胆疾病的生物化学诊断 Biochemistry Diagnosis of Liver and Gallbladder

第八章 肝胆疾病的生物化学诊断 Biochemistry Diagnosis of Liver and Gallbladder. 下腔静脉. 左肝静脉. 肝门静脉. 肝动脉. 总胆管. 胆囊. 第一节 肝脏的解剖结构特点及其 生物化学功能 Anatomic and Physiology. 一、解剖结构特点 Anatomic structure characteristic. 双重血液供应 double blood supply :. 门静脉( hepatic portal vein) :

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第八章 肝胆疾病的生物化学诊断 Biochemistry Diagnosis of Liver and Gallbladder

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  1. 第八章肝胆疾病的生物化学诊断Biochemistry Diagnosis of Liver and Gallbladder

  2. 下腔静脉 左肝静脉 肝门静脉 肝动脉 总胆管 胆囊

  3. 第一节 肝脏的解剖结构特点及其 生物化学功能Anatomic and Physiology 一、解剖结构特点Anatomic structure characteristic 双重血液供应double blood supply: • 门静脉(hepatic portal vein): 获得消化道吸收而来的营养物 • Approximately 75% of the blood supply comes from the portal vein • Drains the GI tract and is rich in nutrients • 肝动脉(hepatic artery): 获得充足的氧气和代谢物 • Remainder of blood supply enters by hepatic artery • Rich in oxygen

  4. 输出通路 • 肝静脉(hepatic vein): 体循环(systemic circulation)-肾(kidney)- 尿uria • 胆道系统(biliary tract ): • 肠道(intestinal tract)-粪便(faeces)

  5. 形态结构(morphological structure)化学组成(chemical composition) • Cell surface have a lot of microvilli(微绒毛) 增大了与血窦(sinusoid)的接触面,有利于物质转运 • Cell membrane have relatively high permeability 为肝细胞内外的物质交换提供了通道; • Abundance mitochondria in cell 为肝细胞代谢提供能量 • Cell have abundance rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum、smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex 为各种蛋白质和酶的合成、药物和毒物等的生物转化以及物质的分泌排泄提供了场所 • Cell have abundance enzyme 物质代谢和加工

  6. 二、肝脏生物化学功能 Liver Functions: Metabolism– Carbohydrate, Fat & Protein Secretory– bile-Bile acids, salts & pigments Excretory– Bilirubin Synthesis– Albumin, coagulation factors Storage– Vitamins, carbohydrates etc. Detoxification– toxins, ammonia, etc.

  7. 三、肝细胞损伤时的代谢改变 Metabolic change of hepatocellular injury (一)、物质代谢障碍 (Dysfunction of substance metabolism)

  8. 1、糖代谢 (Glucose metabolism) • Important role in metabolism of glucose and regulation of blood glucose • Converts glucose to glycogen (storage) • Breaks down glycogen into glucose (energy) • glucose is synthesized through gluconeogenesis (amino acids or lactate)

  9. 肝病(disease of the liver) • 糖原合成障碍 glycogenesis disorder • 糖原贮存减少 glycogen storage decreased Fasting-plasma glucose(FPG) decreased 空腹血糖降低 Postchallenge plasma glucose(PPG) increased 餐后血糖增高

  10. 肝病(disease of the liver) 磷酸戊糖途径(phosphopentose pathway) 糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway) 严重肝病(serious disease of the liver) 糖有氧氧化(aerobic oxidation) 三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle) 血中丙酮酸(pyruvic acid ) 糖耐糖曲线(OGTT)异常 呈低平型、高峰型、高坡型

  11. 2、 蛋白质代谢(Protein metabolism) • Synthesizes all plasma proteins except gamma globulin • Albumin (osmotic pressure) • Alpha and beta globulins • Blood clotting factors • Specific transport proteins • Prothrombin: liver needs vitamin K

  12. Ammonia Conversion • Ammonia (potential toxin) is byproduct of gluconeogenesis(糖异生) • Liver converts ammonia into urea • Also removes ammonia produced by intestinal bacteria from portal blood • Urea is excreted in urine

  13. (1).蛋白质的合成(synthesis protein): plasma protein albumin 低白蛋白血症(hypoalbuminemia) coagulation factor 凝血障碍(coagulation disorder) 白蛋白(albumin)减少,球蛋白(globulin) 增加, 两者比值 (A/G) 小于1,提示有慢性肝实质性损害(chronic hepatic parenchymatous injure)

  14. (2).氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism): 转氨基(transamination) 脱氨基(deamination) 脱羧基(decarboxylase) ①支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸比值(Branched-chain amino acid/Aromatic amino acid): (BCAA/AAA) Branched-chain:Extrahepatic metabolism (Leu、Ile、Val) Aromatic : Liver metabolism (Trp、Tyr、Phe) 支/芳=3-3.5/1 ②肝细胞内转氨酶(transaminase)含量高: ALT

  15. ③.解除氨毒: 氨(ammonia) 尿素(urea) 肾排 • blood ammonia (血氨) • BCAA/AAA(支/芳) • amine(胺) 肝性脑病 hepatic encephalopathy (HE)

  16. ⒊脂质代谢(Lipid metabolism) • Fatty acids broken down into ketones • Provide source of energy for muscles and other tissues.Occurs when glucose is limited as in starvation or uncontrolled diabetes • Fatty acids also used for synthesis of cholesterol, lipoproteins and other complex lipids

  17. ⑴.消化、吸收(digest and absorb) :胆固醇(cholesterol) 胆汁酸(bile acid) “脂肪泻”Steatorrhea • ⑵. 合成、运输(synthesize and transport ): • Synthesize :TG、ChE/Ch、PL、LCAT 、 • acetone body(酮体) • Transport:VLDL、HDL

  18. 分解(decompose):TG、FA • fat oxygenolysis decrease • Excess fat accumulate in hepatic cells fatty liver (当肝内脂类含量超过肝重的5%时,称为脂肪肝脂肪肝) 脂肪肝肝脏

  19. 二、凝血与纤维蛋白溶解障碍 (Dysfunction of coagulation and fibrinolysis) 三、免疫功能障碍 (Dysfunction of immunity)

  20. 四、维生素代谢(vitamin metabolism) 1、吸收(absorption): 胆汁酸(bile acid)-脂溶性维生素(fat-soluble vitamin) 2、转化(transform): synthesize coenzyme Provitamin A vitamine A vitamin D3 25-OH-D3

  21. 许多激素在其发挥调节作用之后,主要在肝脏内被分解转化,从而降低或失去活性,这称之为激素的灭活作用。许多激素在其发挥调节作用之后,主要在肝脏内被分解转化,从而降低或失去活性,这称之为激素的灭活作用。 五、激素的灭活作用 (inactivation of hormone): steroid hormone (类固醇激素) Protein hormone(蛋白质类激素) Catecholamine hormone(儿茶酚胺类激素)

  22. 肝功能受损: 皮肤蜘蛛痣 (skin spider) 肝掌 (liver palms) 面部色素沉着 ( face pigmentation)

  23. 第二节 肝脏的生物转化作用Biotransformation 一、生物转化(biotransformation)

  24. 第二节 肝脏的生物转化作用Biotransformation reaction 一、生物转化(biotransformation) 外源性非营养物质Exogenous non-nutrient (药物drug、毒物Toxin 、 致癌物Carcinogens) 内源性非营养物质Endogenous non-nutrient激素(hormone), NH3,神经递质(neurotransmitter), Bilirubin ,胺类(amine) 肝 尿、胆汁 排出

  25. 二、反应类型(type) 第一相反应(Phase I): 氧化(oxidation) 还原(reduction) 水解(hydrolysis) 增加极性 ( increasing polarity)

  26. ⑴Oxidation: alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, monoamine, aromatization, molybdenum, flavin Key oxidation enzyme: cytochrome P450 氧化反应:肝细胞微粒体、线粒体及胞液中均含有参与生物转化的不同氧化酶系,包括单氧酶系、脱氢酶系等。

  27. ⑵ Reduction: azo- and nitro-, carbonyl, disulfide, sulfoxide, quinone, dihydropyrimidine 还原反应:主要有硝基还原酶和偶氮还原酶所催化的两类反应。

  28. ⑶ Hydrolysis: functional group such as carboxylic acid ester, amide, thioester, acid anhydride 水解反应:肝细胞微粒体和胞液中含有各种水解酶类,可将酯类、糖苷类化合物水解,以减低或消除其生物学活性。

  29. 第二相反应(Phase II) : 结合反应(conjugation reactions) (乙酰CoA,甘氨酸,GSH,) 进一步增加极性,掩盖有毒基团 Less toxic ,easy for excretion

  30. 乙酰水杨酸 acetyl salicylic acid 水解 hydrolysis 羟化 hydroxylation 结合 combine 三、生物转化的特点Feature of biotransformation1.连续性continuity一种物质的生物转化常需进行几种化学反应

  31. 2.多样性multiplicity同一类物质的可因结构的差异而经历不同类型的生物转化反应,甚至同一物质经不同的生物转化途径而产生不同的转化产物。2.多样性multiplicity同一类物质的可因结构的差异而经历不同类型的生物转化反应,甚至同一物质经不同的生物转化途径而产生不同的转化产物。 苯乙酸+谷氨酰胺 苯甲酸+甘氨酸 马尿酸 苯乙酰谷氨酰胺

  32. 3.解毒致毒双重性detoxifcation/ carcinogen一种物质经生物转化后,其毒性可能减弱(解毒),也可能增强(致毒)。 3,4-苯并芘

  33. 四、 Factors influence (影响因素) 1.药物或毒物:抑制作用,诱导作用 Drugs or poison:inhibitor or inducer 2.年龄,性别,种族 Age, Sex .Race 3.病理 Condition of liver and kidney physiological significances 1.detoxication2.the products are less toxic or carcinogen

  34. 第三节 胆红素与胆汁酸代谢及其异常 一、胆红素代谢及其异常metadolism of bilirubin and abnormity

  35. (一)胆红素代谢bilirubin metabolism • 生成 formation • 运输 transportation • 肝内代谢 liver metabolis • 肝外代谢 extrahepatic metabolism • 排泄 excrete

  36. 1、 胆红素的生成 血红素(heme) 胆红素(bilirubin)

  37. (Liver, Bone marrow, & Spleen) Phagocytosis & Lysis Hemoglobin Globin Heme Bilirubin Amino acids Fe2+ Excreted Amino acid pool (1)血红素(heme) Extravascular Pathway for RBC Destruction

  38. 血红素 heme 胆绿素biliverdin 胆红素bilirubin (2)胆红素(bilirubin) 血红素加氧酶系 heme oxygenase Fe2+ green NADPH+H+ 胆绿素还原酶biliverdin reductase NADP+ red-orange

  39. α-次甲基桥键

  40. Methine-carbon bond • 血红素 4个次甲基碳桥 红色 • 胆绿素 3个次甲基碳桥 蓝色 • 胆红素 2个次甲基碳桥 黄色 • 胆素 1个次甲基碳桥 棕褐色 • 胆素原 0个次甲基碳桥 无色

  41. Hydrophilic groups intracelular lipotropy(亲脂) Hydrophobicity bilirubin through the cells into the blood

  42. 2、胆红素在血液中的转运 bilirubin in the blood transfer 间接胆红素 indirect bilirubin 未结合胆红素 unconjugated bilirubin 游离胆红素 free bilirubin 胆红素-清蛋白 bilirubin-albumin 意义(signification): (1)in favor of transport(2)restrict bilirubin into cell

  43. 3、胆红素在肝细胞内的代谢 bilirubin in hepatic cells metabolize • 摄取(uptake) • 转化(transform) • 排泄(excrete) (1)摄取(uptake) 胆红素-Y蛋白 胆红素-Z蛋白 清蛋白

  44. UDPGA UDP B-UGT: 胆红素尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶 bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UDPGA: 尿苷二磷酸-α-葡糖糖醛酸 uridine diphosphate glucurnic acid (2)转化(transform) 胆红素(bilirubin) 直接胆红素 direct bilirubin 结合胆红素 conjugated bilirubin B-UGT 胆红素葡萄糖醛酸酯

  45. (次要) (主要)

  46. (3)排泄(excrete) 结合胆红素 conjugated bilirubin 阴离子载体 (Anion carrier) 胆汁(bile) (毛细胆管bile capillary) 胆汁(bile) (肠道intestinal tract)

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