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Thirty Years War Review

Thirty Years War Review. 1618-1648. Characteristics . The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. At the end it was political rivals taking advantage of fragmentation. Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

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Thirty Years War Review

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  1. Thirty Years War Review 1618-1648

  2. Characteristics • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. • At the end it was political rivals taking advantage of fragmentation. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

  3. The Peace of Westphalia 1648 • Political Provisions: • Each German prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor. • The United Provinces [Dutch Netherlands] became officially independent • France received most of the German-speaking province of Alsace. • Switzerland became totally independent of the HRE • Swiss Confederation.

  4. The Peace of Westphalia 1648 • Religious Provisions: • Calvinists Princes would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. • The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT • must permit freedom of private worship.

  5. Results • Attempt to reunite Catholic Europe ended • Spain in period of decline • National interest, not religion, dominated international affairs • Military revolution • Gunpowder, cannons • Calvary became obsolete • Large, well organized armies

  6. English Civil War Review 1642-1649

  7. Issue • Can the king govern without the consent of the people (parliament)?

  8. Charles I • Charles I (1625-1629) inherited English and Scottish thrones, and a huge debt • In exchange for higher taxes, Parliament demanded, Petition of Right (1628 • No taxation without consent of Parliament • No imprisonment without due process (trial) • No quartering of soldiers in private homes

  9. Parliament of 1629 • After signing the Petition of Right, • The king dissolved Parliament • Did not call Parliament into session again for 11 years

  10. Scotland • Church of England (Anglican) only legal Church • All others repressed National Covenant of Scotland (1638) • Scottish affirm loyalty to crown, declared King could not appoint bishops in Scotland • War breaks out between England and Scotland

  11. The Long Parliament (1640-1653) • King summoned Parliament in 1640 - Needed money • Abolished Royal Courts • writ of habeas corpus - no imprisonment without cause • Ruled parliament must meet at least every 3 years

  12. Prelude to War • Puritans in Parliament - Led by Oliver Cromwell • Demanded religious reform - abolition of Anglican Book of Prayer • Grand Remonstrance - Bishops be denied votes in House of Lords

  13. Prelude to War • Charles tried to arrest 5 leaders of H.O.C • Parliament resisted, citizens of London sheltered the leaders • Royalist (Cavaliers) and Antiroyalist (Roundheads) begin to assemble armies

  14. Civil War • Antiroyalist led by Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Used religion to motivate soldiers • Forced Charles to surrender

  15. Antiroyalist Split • Independents- wanted churches to be free of central authority. Led by Cromwell • Presbyterians- establish strictly organized Calvinist system. Like Scotland • Presbyterians and Scots backed Charles I • New Model Army is victorious, - captured the King

  16. Civil War • Independents abolish H.O.L. • All Presbyterians removed from Parliament • Charles tried and executed in 1649 • Parliament, led by Cromwell, now in charge

  17. New Political Ideas • Levelers - all men eligible to vote for Parliament • Diggers - abolish private property

  18. Cromwell’s Government • Military dictatorship - “lord Protector” • England divided up and controlled by 11 generals • Banned newspapers • Enlisted innkeepers as spies

  19. Invasion of Ireland • Ireland invaded • Catholics defeated • Land divided among Cromwell’s soldiers

  20. Cromwell’s Government • Parliament offered Cromwell crown, he refused • Monarch in all but name • Named his son successor

  21. End of revolution • Son, Richard, unable to control generals • Generals took control, invited Charles II to return from exile • Monarchy restored in 1660

  22. Glorious Revolution 1688 • James II succeeded Charles - Strong Roman Catholic • Wanted to return England to Catholicism • Parliament invited William and Mary to take the throne • James fled

  23. Glorious Revolution 1688 • William and Mary made co-rulers • Sign English Bill of Rights • Grant limited religious freedom

  24. Domination of Parliament • Power in government dominated by Parliament • Parliament dominated by Gentry

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