The Renaissance and Reformation

1. CHAPTER 15 The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Section 4: The Catholic Reformation Section 5: Culture and Daily Life

2. Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Objectives: • Identify the factors that led to the Italian Renaissance and describe the characteristics of Renaissance thought. • Explain how Renaissance writers combined classical teachings and Christian doctrine. • Describe how Renaissance art differed from art of the Middle Ages.

3. Section 1: The Italian Renaissance An Era of Awakening • Causes – ruins of Roman Empire, Byzantines had preserved Greek and Roman learning, trade with Asia and Africa • The humanities – crucial approach to learning, studied classics, admired human achievement

4. Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Writers • Petrarch – studied classical writers, believed it is important to lead a full and active life here on earth • Machiavelli – lack of concern for conventional morality

5. Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Artists • Realistic scenes and images instead of religious concerns • Leonardo da Vinci – The Last Supper and Mona Lisa • Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel ceiling

6. Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Objectives: • Explain how the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe. • Describe how northern Renaissance writers differed from Italian humanists. • List the principal characteristics of northern Renaissance art.

7. Section 2: The Northern Renaissance The Spread of Ideas • Johannes Gutenberg – used movable type to print books, copies of Bible

8. Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Writers • Desiderius Erasmus – studied early Christian as well as classical culture • Thomas More – Utopia • William Shakespeare – transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces

9. Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Artists • Great attention to detail, facial expressions • Realistic human figures and subject matter

10. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Objectives: • Discuss the developments that led to the Reformation. • Describe how Martin Luther protested against the Roman Catholic Church and began a new church. • Identify the factors that caused the spread of Protestantism. • Explain the role that Calvinism played in the Reformation.

11. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation An Era of Reform • Causes – humanists urged believers who were unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw from the church and meet with like-minded people • The beginning – popes sold indulgences to raise money

12. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther • Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses • Break with the church – Pope Leo X ex-communicated Luther, Diet of Worms • Protestantism – the princes supporting Luther protested the emperor’s treatment of him

13. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism • The rise of sects – societies of a few people led by a preacher • The Anglican Church – Henry VIII’s desire for a divorce caused him to create the Church of England which did grant the divorce

14. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Calvinism • Calvin’s church – The Institutes of the Christian Religion emphasized predestination, righteous living • Calvinism spreads – Huguenots in France, minorities in Poland, Hungary, Scotland, Netherlands, England, North American colonies

15. Section 4: The Catholic Reformation Objectives: • Describe how the Catholic Church responded to the Reformation. • Discuss the results of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.

16. Section 4: The Catholic Reformation The Counter-Reformation • Counter-Reformation tactics – inquisition, Index of Forbidden Books • The Council of Trent – clarified doctrines, emphasized ceremonies • Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits founded by Ignatius de Loyola

17. Section 4: The Catholic Reformation Results of the Religious Upheaval • Diversity of churches appeared • Education grew • National governments gained more power

18. Section 5: Culture and Daily Life Objectives: • Explain why Europeans believed in superstitions. • Describe the characteristics of daily life that were typical in Europe during the Reformation. • Explain how knowledge spread to European villages. • Identify the factors that caused changes in the daily lives of Europeans.

19. Section 5: Culture and Daily Life Superstitions • The world of spirits – believed God was a distant, unknowable force; people looked for explanations of and control over daily life • Belief in witchcraft – wise people who gave explanations were witches

20. Section 5: Culture and Daily Life Daily Life • Forms of recreation – people came together to drink, sew, do simple chores, or tell stories • Violence and protest in the village – close-knit communities; quarrels were common

21. Section 5: Culture and Daily Life The Spread of Knowledge • Books for the masses – broadsides, almanacs • Religious ideas and education – printed books became available, primary schools were founded

22. Section 5: Culture and Daily Life Changes in Daily Life • The economy – standard of living rose for some • Diet – new spices and vegetables • Housing – people moved from country to cities; had only necessities • Decline of traditional culture – rational thinking more widespread