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Understanding Computer Hardware: Key Components and Functions

This chapter delves into the essential components of computer hardware, focusing on the system unit and its functions. Readers will learn about the CPU, its four-step machine cycle, and the importance of memory and storage types, including RAM and ROM. The chapter also covers various input devices like keyboards and pointing devices, as well as output devices such as printers. Key differences between storage media like floppy disks, hard disks, CD-ROMs, and DVD-ROMs will also be explored, enhancing educators' grasp of hardware concepts essential for teaching technology effectively.

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Understanding Computer Hardware: Key Components and Functions

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  1. Chapter 4 Hardware for Educators

  2. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Describe the system unit • Define the term bit, and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data • Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions • Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data • List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various types of keyboards

  3. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Identify various types of pointing devices • Differentiate among the four types of output • Identify the different types of output devices • Explain the differences among various types of printers

  4. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Differentiate between storage and memory • Identify types of storage media and devices • Explain how data is stored on floppy disks, hard disks, and CD-ROMs • Differentiate between CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs

  5. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

  6. DATA REPRESENTATION • Analog vs. Digital • Digital • Two states • (1) on • (0) off

  7. DATA REPRESENTATION • Binary number system • Combination of ones and zeroes represent characters

  8. DATA REPRESENTATION • ASCII • American Standard Code for Information Interchange • Converting a keyboard stroke into a byte

  9. THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT • The Motherboard • Contains many of the electronic components • Chip • A small piece of semiconducting material on which one or more integrated circuits are etched

  10. THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT • CPU and Microprocessor • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Microprocessor contains the CPU in a PC

  11. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The Control Unit • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • Fetch – get the next instruction from memory • Decode – translate the instruction • Execute – carry out the command • Store the result – write the result to memory • Machine cycle

  12. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle • Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) • Logical (AND, OR, NOT)

  13. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The System Clock • Synchronizes all computer operations • Each tick is called a clock cycle • Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second • Speed measured in megahertz (MHz) • One million ticks of the system clock

  14. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Used to store data, instructions, and information • The operating system and other system software • Application programs • Data being processed by application programs • Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses

  15. Seats in a stadium are similar to addresses in memory: • A seat in memory holds one person at a time, and an address in memory holds a single byte • Both a seat and an address can be empty • A seat has a unique identifying number and so does an address

  16. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available

  17. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Volatile memory – contents are lost when the computer is powered down • Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the computer is powered down

  18. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • The memory chips in the system unit • When the computer starts, operating system files are loaded from a hard disk into RAM • Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) • Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

  19. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • RAM Chips • Smaller in size than processor chips • Packaged on circuit boards called single inline memory modules (SIMMs) or dual inline memory modules (DIMMs)

  20. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Configuring RAM • The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once • Software usually tells you how much RAM is required • Necessary RAM depends on what type of work the computer is used for

  21. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR Read-Only Memory (ROM) • Cannot be modified • Contents not lost when the computer is turned off

  22. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards • Expansion slot • An opening, or socket, where a circuit board can be inserted into the motherboard • Add new devices or capabilities to the computer • Expansion card • Circuit boards, such as a modem or graphics card, that add new capabilities to the computer

  23. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards • Three common types • Video card • Sound card • Internal modem • PC Cards • Plug and Play

  24. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Ports and Connectors • Port • Point of attachment to the system unit • Usually on the back of the computer • Connectors • Used to plug into ports • Male connectors • Female connectors

  25. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Ports and Connectors • New ports • USB • USB 2.0 • 1394 (FireWire)

  26. WHAT IS INPUT? • Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer • Data – unorganized facts • Program – series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task • Command – an instruction given to a computer program • User response – responses to questions or messages from the software

  27. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer

  28. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • The Keyboard • Primary input device • Typing area • Numeric keypad • Toggle keys • Status lights • Arrow keys – arrow control keys • Function keys • Specialized buttons • Wireless keyboards

  29. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • An input device that allows you to control a pointer on the screen • Block arrow • I-beam • Pointing hand

  30. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Mouse • One or two button mouse • Moving the mouse pointer • Clicking • Dragging • Double-clicking • Optical mouse • Cordless mouse

  31. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Touchpad and Pointing Stick • Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion • Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser

  32. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Trackball • Like a mouse, but the ball is on top • Often used on portable computers

  33. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Joystick • Uses the movement of a vertical lever • Often used with games • Wheel • Steering-wheel type input device • Used to simulate driving a car

  34. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Touch screen • Monitor has a touch sensitive panel • Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options • Kiosks

  35. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Optical Readers • Uses light to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that can be processed by a computer • Optical character recognition (OCR) • Reads character printed in OCR font • Optical mark recognition (OMR) • Bar code

  36. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Optical Scanner • Electronically captures an entire page of text or images • Converts text or image into digital data than can be stored and used

  37. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Digital Cameras • Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally • Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer

  38. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Audio and Video Input • Audio input • Entering music, speech, or sound effects • Sound card • Speech Recognition • Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

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