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5.3 million Americans (just over 2% of the population) currently live with a disability resulting from a TBI 1.5 million people sustain an TBI each year 50,000 die due to TBI each year Every 21 seconds a person in the US sustains an TBI . TBI facts. ?an injury to the brain, occurring after birth?
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1. Traumatic Brain Injury
Timothy R. Elliott, Ph.D.
2. 5.3 million Americans (just over 2% of the population) currently live with a disability resulting from a TBI
1.5 million people sustain an TBI each year
50,000 die due to TBI each year
Every 21 seconds a person in the US sustains an TBI TBI facts
3. an injury to the brain, occurring after birth.not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
commonly results in a change in neuronal activity, which affects the physical integrity, the metabolic activity, or the functional ability an acquired brain injury
4. May result in mild, moderate, or severe impairments in one or more areas
Injuries can range from very mild to very severe, and depending on the location of the brain injury, impairments may include . Levels of Injury
5. Closed head injury
occurs when an outside force impacts the head hard enough to cause the brain to move within the skull
Open head injury
can occur from motor vehicle crashes, gun shot wounds, falls, shaking (a baby), sports, and physical violence, such as hitting or striking with an object
Types of brain injury
6. Airway obstruction
Near-drowning, throat swelling, choking, strangulation, crush injuries to the chest
Electrical shock or lightening strike
Trauma to the head and/or neck
Traumatic brain injury with or without skull fracture, blood loss from open wounds, artery impingement from forceful impact, shock
Vascular Disruption Causes of brain injury
7. Lack of coordination
Slowness or confusion in the planning and sequencing of movements
Muscle spasticity
Speech disorders
Seizures, paralysis
Chronic, persistent pain (nerve damage, fractures)
Sensory impairments (e.g., vision and hearing loss Impairments may include
8. Mood swings
Depression, blunted affect
Lack of motivation, decreased initiative
Agitation
Impulse control
Interpersonal difficulties, impaired empathy Social, emotional, and behavioral impairments
9. Short and/or long term memory loss
Poor attention, judgment, and concentration
Communication disorders related to speech, writing, and reading Cognitive impairments
10. Closed head injury
occurs when an outside force impacts the head hard enough to cause the brain to move within the skull
Open head injury
can occur from motor vehicle crashes, gun shot wounds, falls, shaking (a baby), sports, and physical violence, such as hitting or striking with an object
Types of brain injury
11. Severity loss of consciousness Posttraumatic Amnesia
Glasgow Coma Scale
Mild scores 13 15
Moderate scores 9 12
Severe < 8
Gross predictor of outcomes at 6 months
12. Post-Concussive Syndrome History of head trauma
Evidence of difficulty in attention or memory
Significant impairment in role functioning
Three of these
Fatigue, disordered sleep, headache, anxiety/depression, apathy, change in personality, irritability/aggression, vertigo or dizziness
13. Veterans and ABI By some estimates, as many as 10% of the 1.5 million soldiers may have some form of traumatic brain injury
Over 60% of soldiers recently wounded in action in Operation Iraqi Freedom sustained blast injuries
Perhaps 60% and 80% of these blast-injured soldiers have TBI
14. Veterans and ABI The average age of a soldier stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan is 19 years old
Estimating conservatively,the cost ofcaring for veterans with TBI from these wars could be $14 billion over 20 years, and $35 billion over their lifetimes
15. A brain injury is unpredictable A person with a brain injury is a person first
No two brain injuries are exactly the same
The effects are complex and vary greatly from person to person
The effects may depend on such factors as cause, location, and severity
16. Rehabilitation Strategies Compensatory
Written instructions, date books, calendars, pagers, electronic or other assistive devices
Restoration
visual & auditory exercises, practice/performance, reinforcement, monitoring, problem-solving strategies, goal setting
17. Indicators of Adjustment Severity of injury
Pre-injury personal and social adjustment
Social support structures (e.g., family, church, work history)
18. Health and Adjustment Normal life expectancy
People with ABI generally have a greater propensity towards poor health habits as well as having poor health profiles
At risk for secondary complications
including social (e.g., poverty, arrests)
19. Health-risk behaviors Smoking
Alcohol misuse
Dietary problems or habits
Lack of exercise, Prolonged inactivity
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity
Medications that may be debilitating over time
Indifference, lack of initiation
Negative moods
20. An Agenda for Public Health Healthy People 2010 calls for behavioral and social initiatives to promote the health and quality of life of persons with traumatic brain injury
21. Benefits of Exercise and Healthy Lifestyles Improved stamina and strength
Enhanced mood management
Sense of confidence, competence
Possible benefits to sense of balance
Weight management, improved cardio fitness
22. Benefits of a Stretching Program Increased range of motion
For some, there will be an increase in muscular strength
Promoted relaxation
Stretched muscle tissue, flexibility
Positive effects on balance
23. Benefits of a Strength Program Increased muscle endurance
Reduction of body fat
Increased metabolic rate
Increased body awareness
24. Benefits of a Cardiovascular Program Reduction of specific risk factors for conditions (e.g., heart disease, stroke)
Increased cardio efficiency
More calories burned (weight loss)
Improved circulation
Decreased harmful cholesterol
25. Recreation and Leisure Benefits Brainstorming activities
26. Online Resources