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Biology Final Exam review

Biology Final Exam review. 1. What is Mitosis?. Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and its contents. Two daughter cells are produced. The new cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell. 2. In what type of cell does mitosis occur? In all body cells.

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Biology Final Exam review

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  1. Biology Final Exam review

  2. 1. What is Mitosis? Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and its contents. Two daughter cells are produced. The new cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell. 2. In what type of cell does mitosis occur? In all body cells.

  3. 3. What is the difference between cancer cells and normal cells? Cancer cells divide uncontrollably.

  4. 4. Describe asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes.

  5. 5. What is binary fission? Binary fission is the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

  6. 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual? Advantages: More efficient: 100% of the population can reproduce; Less time consuming: they don’t have to find a partner Shorter generations: some bacteria reproduce every 20 minutes if the conditions are right!!

  7. 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual? Disadvantages: All offspring are genetically identical, no genetic diversity. If the environment changes into unfavorable conditions all offspring can die. Example: A body is infested with bacteria that are all the same (genetically identical). The person takes an antibiotic that kills that type of bacteria, they all die. If there was genetic diversity in the population, some might have a gene that makes them immune to the antibiotic.

  8. 7. What is meiosis? Meiosis is a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.

  9. 8. How are chromosome numbers changed during meiosis? The daughter cells produced by meiosis have half the number of chromosomes that the parent cell had. In humans the parent cell has 46 chromosomes and each of the daughter cells has 23 chromosomes.

  10. 9. What types of cells in your body are produced by meiosis? Sex cells

  11. 10. How does meiosis produce genetic variation? 1. The random separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I

  12. 10. How does meiosis produce genetic variation? 2. Crossing-over during prophase I

  13. 11.How many chromosomes are present in a human egg or sperm cell/body cell? Human sex cell: 23 Human body cell: 46

  14. 12. What were Mendel’s conclusions following his experiments with pea plants? • Traits are inherited from the parents • There are two inheritance factors that segregate during gamete formation • Different traits are inherited independently from each other

  15. 13. What is a gene. What is an allele? A gene is a location on a Chromosome that codes for a certain protein. An allele is an alternative version of a gene.

  16. 14. What is a trait? A trait is a distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited.

  17. 15. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? • - phenotype describes the physical characteristics (blue eyes) • - genotype is the genetic make up of an organism (its alleles)

  18. 16. Punnett Squares What is the probability for purple flowers? What is the probability for white flowers? What is the probability for hybrid?

  19. 17. How are DNA and RNA alike? What are the three differences between them? Single strand Double Strand

  20. 18. What occurs during DNA replication? 1.Enzymes unzip the double helix 2.Free floating nucleotides pair with the exposed template strands 3.Two identical stands of DNA result

  21. 19. Where does replication occur in a eukaryotic cell? In the nucleus

  22. 20.What would be the complementary strand of a DNA strand with the following sequence A-G-C-C-C? • A – T • G – C • C – G • C – G • C – G

  23. 21. What occurs during DNA transcription? Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of mRNA.

  24. 22. Where does transcription occur? • In the nucleus

  25. 23. What is the central dogma of molecular biology? The central dogma states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins.

  26. 24. During transcription what would be the complementary RNA strand copied from a DNA strand with the following base sequence: T – A – G – A – G – T – C T – A A – U G – C A – U G – C T – A C – G

  27. 25. What occurs during translation?26. Where does it take place? Translation is the process that converts or “translates”, an mRNA message into a protein. Translation takes place at the ribosome

  28. 27. What is the amino acid for the codon AAG? • Lysine

  29. 28. What is a mutation? A change in an organism’s DNA

  30. 29. What is a point mutation? A point mutation is a mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another.

  31. 29 and 31. What is a frame shift mutation? After one nucleotide is inserted or deleted the whole reading frame moves over to one side and changes the entire amino acid sequence following the mutation.

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