1 / 16

Blood Groups

Blood Groups. Prof. K. Sivapalan. Blood groups. Transfusion reactions indicated different types of blood among individuals. Surface antigens on red cells are responsible for the differences. ABO system. Rh system. MNSs, Lutheran, Kell, Kidd, ….over 500. Inheritance and expression differ.

caroun
Télécharger la présentation

Blood Groups

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Blood Groups Prof. K. Sivapalan

  2. Blood groups. • Transfusion reactions indicated different types of blood among individuals. • Surface antigens on red cells are responsible for the differences. • ABO system. • Rh system. • MNSs, Lutheran, Kell, Kidd, ….over 500. • Inheritance and expression differ. Blood grouping

  3. ABO system. • H antigen is a oligosaccaride with galactose and fucose at the end. [present in all persons] • N-acetylgalactosamine added to galactose – A antigen. • Galactose added to galactose – B antigen. • A1 – 1,000,000 in one RBC. • A2 – 250,000 in one RBC. Blood grouping

  4. ABO groups. Presence of, • H and A antigens→ blood group A. • H and B antigens → blood group B. • H, A and B antigens → blood group AB. • H only → blood group O Blood grouping

  5. Production of antibodies. • Antigen present at birth is recognized as self [clone deletion]. It is found in salivary glands, pancreas, kidney, liver, lungs, testes and semen. • Therefore, no antibodies for H antigen. • If A antigen is absent, anti A is produced after exposure. • If B antigen is absent, anti B is produced after exposure. • A and B antigens are seen in bacteria that colonize colon and lead to production of anti bodies for absent antigens in the blood. • The antibody is IgM. Blood grouping

  6. Genetics of ABO. • Genes are Mendalian allelomorphs. Phenotype: O A B AB Genotype: OO AA AO BB BO AB Incidence: O – 60 %, B – 20%, A – 15%, AB – 5%. Medico legal:exclude father. Blood grouping

  7. Blood grouping. • Take one drop of antiserum. • Add one drop of red cell suspension. • Mix gently. • Agglutination indicates the group. • [agglutinogens and agglutinins] Blood grouping

  8. Rh group. • Studied first in Rhesus Monkey. • Has not been identified in tissues other than red cells. • C, D, E and other antigens are identified but D is the most antigenic. • If red cells agglutinate with anti D, the blood is Rh positive otherwise negative. • Rh –ive person will produce anti D only when exposed to Rh +ive red cells. • The antibody is IgG type. • About 85 % of the population is Rh +ive. Blood grouping

  9. Rh group and pregnancy. • Rh –ive person will produce anti Rh after exposure to D antigen. • Foetal blood can enter maternal blood at separation of placenta. • If mother is Rh –ive and the baby is Rh +ive, mother can start producing anti D. • Anti D, IgG, can cross placenta. It will react with foetal RBC. • Rh –ive mothers should be given anti D injection immediately after partus of each Rh +ive baby. Blood grouping

  10. Blood transfusion. • Blood is transfused to patients in acute loss of blood – hemorrhage. • Packed cells are transfused in severe anemia. • Fresh blood is given to replace deficient clotting factors [ now purified products available]. • Incompatibility will cause antigen – antibody reaction. • Main problem is red cell antigens [blood groups] but other materials in donated blood also can cause reactions. Blood grouping

  11. Precautions for transfusion. • Grouping for ABO and Rh groups. • Direct testing of donor and recipient blood. • Donor RBC + receiver serum. • Donor serum + receiver RBC. • Main problem is the antibody in the recipient blood destroying donated RBC. • In large amounts, donor antibodies can react with receiver RBC. • Never give Rh +ive to –ive. • Screen for infections- AIDS, Hepatitis, Malaria, Typhoid etc. • Autologous transfusion Blood grouping

  12. Blood bank. • Storage of blood: • 4˚C for 21 – 35 days. [citrate and dextrose] • Deep freezer for 6 – 12 months. • Loss of granulocytes and platelets. • Precautions on collection of blood. • Sp. Gravity- avoiod anaemic blood. • Screen for infections- AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis, etc. • Autologus transfusion. [safest]. Blood grouping

  13. Transfusion reactions. • Haemolysis – incompatibility. • Haemoglobinurea, renal failure. • Dyspnoea, chest pain, chills, fever, renal insufficiency, death. • Acute hyper volumic effects. • Acute Cardiac failure, hypertension. • Reaction to white cells, platelets, plasma proteins. • Pyrogenic reactions. • Hypocalcaemia. • Hyperkaelaemia. Blood grouping

  14. Tissue Transplantation • When organs are damaged by disease, transplants are attempted. • Transplanted tissue may be attacked by antibodies produced against antigens in the transplant. • It does not occur when it is autograft or isograft (identical twin) • Tissues from others will have antigens against which antibodies can be produced in 1-1 day to 5 weeks after transplantation unless Specific therapy is used to prevent the immune reactions. • With proper “matching” of tissues many kidney allografts have been successful for at least 5 to 15 years. Blood grouping

  15. HLA Antigens • Six of these antigens are present on the tissue cell membranes of each person • There are about 150 different HLA antigens to choose from. • Therefore, this represents more than a trillion possible combinations. • Tissue typing for these antigens is done on the membranes of lymphocytes • Some of the HLA antigens are not severely antigenic so, a precise match of some antigens is not always essential to allow allograft acceptance. Blood grouping

  16. Prevention of Graft Rejection • Glucocorticoid hormones • Drugs that have toxic effect on the lymphoid system • Cyclosporine, which has a specific inhibitory effect on the formation of helper T cells • Danger: bacterial and viral infections can become rampant Blood grouping

More Related