1 / 25

Chapter 5: Ecology and Economics of Nutrition

Chapter 5: Ecology and Economics of Nutrition. The biological forces and social forces that shape: human food use nutritional status of individuals and populations. Variables to be discussed. Physical environment Social environment Social organization Technology Culture.

Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 5: Ecology and Economics of Nutrition

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 5: Ecology and Economics of Nutrition • The biological forces and social forces that shape: • human food use • nutritional status of individuals and populations

  2. Variables to be discussed • Physical environment • Social environment • Social organization • Technology • Culture

  3. Physical Environment Climate Water resources Soil characteristics Indigenous animals and plants

  4. Social Environment • Food procurement and distribution by: • Other societies • Other regions • Other communities • How do these factors affect the diet in the study community?

  5. Social Organization • Structure and organization of the household • Political and economic structure as they pertain to food through: • Production • Distribution • Consumption

  6. Technology • Tools and techniques • Production • Distribution • Acquisition • Storage • Consumption

  7. Culture (idea systems) • Food preferences and restrictions • Use of food in social interactions • Religious beliefs • Ideas about health

  8. Subsistence Systems • Hunting-Gathering • Pastoralist • Agricultural • Horticultural (gardening, hoe) • Advanced (plow) • Industrial Agricultural

  9. Core Characteristics of Human Food Patterns • Extremely omnivorous diet • At least some cooking • More time consuming preparation • Elaborate food distribution, sharing, and exchange patterns • Food prohibitions and food preferences

  10. Hunting and Gathering • Most of human history • Collect food from land and water but not cultivating • Distribution of food affected social organization: small groups, seminomadic, used large land area, population density low, population growth slow

  11. Hunting and Gathering cont. • Diversity in types of food consumed • Diversity in ratio of animal to vegetable • General nutritional status good to excellent • Seasonal food shortage a problem, this varies with environment • Chronic malnutrition and deficiency diseases rare

  12. Pastoralism • Subsistence based on herd animals • Two types: Nomadic, Seminomadic • Nomads • No permanent houses • No agriculture • Seminomads • Live in settlements • Some individuals cultivate crops

  13. Pastoralism cont. • Milk is important part of diet • Practiced for 3000 years • Today this strategy is less viable due to political and economic constraints

  14. Agricultural • Beginning 12,000 to 15,000 years ago • By 2000 years ago a large proportion of world’s population completely dependent on agriculture

  15. “Agricultural Revolution” • Major changes in diet, nutrition, and health • Social and technological changes • Changes in human societies

  16. Horticultural • Also called gardening systems • Use hoe rather than plow • No irrigation • Household consumption • No commercial sale • Household is production unit • Little interdependence with other groups • No expanded market networks

  17. Agriculture • Use of plow • Irrigation • Class of producers – peasants • Only some producers • Other elites who control production • Malnutrition hits rural producers hardest

  18. Cash Cropping • Industrialization of food production and food preparation • Changes in household production • Changes in culture • Changes in environment

  19. Leisure Time • Women • Resting • Crafts • Visiting other camps • Receiving visitors from other camps • Kitchen chores • Cooking, nut cracking, collecting firewood, hauling water

  20. Leisure Time cont. • Men • Visiting • Entertaining • Dancing

  21. Estimating Nutritional Status • Average consumption of calories and proteins/person/day • Estimated RDA (based on body size and activity level) • 1,975 calories • 60 grams protein • Observed Kung • 2,140 calories • 93.1 grams protein • Observed Achuar • 3,408 calories (4,557) • 104.5 grams protein (162)

  22. Hunting Versus Gathering • Hunting is high risk, low return • Gathering is low risk, high return • With the Kung, gathering is 2.4 times more productive than hunting

  23. Food Preferences and the Cost of Food • 1000 calories of meat “costs” 10 man-hours • 1000 calories of vegetable foods “costs” four man-hours

  24. Review of Subsistence Strategies • The Kung have been extremely successful, in part, because of the heavy reliance on vegetable food sources • Is this a common pattern? • From a sample of 58 societies • 100 % dependence on hunting and gathering • 29 cases (50%) emphasize gathering • 18 cases (33%) emphasize fishing • 11 cases (17%) emphasize hunting

More Related