1. Political Organization of Space An Introduction

2. Political Concepts in Space • Territoriality • Attempt by individual or group to control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

3. Political Concepts in Space • Sovereignty • having the “last say” (control) over a territory – politically or militarily • Territorial integrity • Ability of a government to control its territory

4. Critical Thinking: List Examples of… State Nation Nation-State Multinational State Multi-state Nation

5. Birth of the Modern State • Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Treaty that ended “Thirty Years’ War” • Clearly defined borders, recognition of statehood, guarantees of security • Territory over people

6. Nation, State, Nation-State • We often use nation, state and country interchangeably, but there are distinctions: • Nation • Culturally defined group of people with shared past

7. Nation, State, Nation-State • State • A politically organized territory with • A permanent population • A defined territory • A government

8. Nation, State, Nation-State • Nation-State • A politically organized area where nation and state occupy the same space • European Model

9. Diffusion of Nation-State • European colonialism • Colonialism • Rule by an autonomous power of a subordinate power • Often creates unequal cultural and economic relations • Two waves • 16th Century – Americas • 19th Century – Africa/Asia

11. Diffusion of Nation-State • Colonial administration • Europeans replicate political organization of home country • Administrative regions survive as independent states today • Often, colonial borders have little to do with ethnicity or national identity

12. Democracy • People, rather than monarchy or colonizer, are ultimate sovereign • Nation is associated with state

13. Types of States • Multinational State • More than one nation in its borders

14. Multistate Nation • When a nation’s boundaries cross two or more states

15. Stateless Nation • A people (nation) without a state of their own

16. Enclave • A nation or state completely surrounded by another state • Lesotho in South Africa • Any enclaves in the United States?

17. Enclaves in America

18. Exclave • Part of a nation or state that is not connected to the rest of the state • Kaliningrad, Russia • Are there any US exclaves?

19. American Exclaves

20. Capitalism • Dominant economic system • Market for goods and services determines allocation • Commodification • Placing monetary value on all things

21. Capitalist World System • Immanuel Wallerstein (1987) • In a capitalist world you will have three tiers of states: • Core • Greater wealth; high technology • Periphery • Poor; low technology • Semi-periphery • Mix