8 th Grade Chapter 23

1. 8th Grade Chapter 23 “Becoming a World Power”

2. imperialism Section 1: “The United States Continues to Expand” • By the 1880s, American leaders became convinced that the U.S. should take part in _________________, the policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. • Europe had used imperialism for many years. By the early 20th century ____________________ and ________________ were the only independent countries in Africa. • Imperialist countries also competed for claims in _________, where they had to compete with _______. • 3 factors helped fuel the development of American imperialism: 1) ______________interests. Economic leaders argued that expansion would increase U.S. financial prosperity. New colonies were a potential source of cheap __________________. 2) ___________ Ethiopia Liberia Asia Japan Economic raw materials Military

3. Alfred T. Mahan Mili- tary Interests. ____________________ had argued that economic interests went hand-in-hand with _____ ________ interests. 3) Belief in cultural superiority. Many Americans believed their gov’t, religion and race were superior to those of other societies. Some saw a chance to spread ____________________, while others wanted to advance __________________. • A strong backer of expansion was _______________, who arranged to purchase ______________ from Russia in 1867. Newspapers referred to Alaska as “__________________________.” • In the early 1800s, Christian missionaries from the U.S. had moved to the __________________________ to convert the local population. By the late 1800s, wealthy ________________ dominated Hawaii’s economy. democratic ideas Christianity Wlm. Seward Alaska Seward’s icebox Kingdom of Hawaii planters

4. Queen Liliuokalani planters political eco- re- nomic • In 1891, ________________________ became leader of Hawaii. She wanted to limit the power of the ___________, upsetting American planters who saw her as a threat to their ________________ and ______ ______ interests. In Jan. 1893, they staged a _____ _____. With the help of the __________________, they set up their own gov’t., then asked to be _________ by the U.S. • In 1887, American leaders had pressured Hawaii to allow a U.S. naval base at ____________________, the kingdom’s best port. It became an important refueling station for American merchant ships bound for _________. • President ______________________________ did not approve of the planters’ actions and withdrew a treaty to annex HI. It would not be annexed until 1898. volt U.S. Marines annexed Pearl Harbor Asia Grover Cleveland

5. Cuba Puerto Rico Section 2: “The Spanish-American War” • Read “One American’s Story” p. 662. • By the 1890s, Spain controlled only the Philippine Islands, _________ and _________________and many inhabitants of these colonies began to demand independence. • __________ had rebelled against Spain many times. This revolt caused alarm in _______________ because it disrupted ___________ with Cuba. • The newspaper, The World, owned by ____________ ______________ and the New York Journal, owned by ___________________________ were battling for customers. Both papers described, and often _____ __________ news about Spanish cruelty. This sensational type of writing became known as _____ ______________. “The United States Goes to War” Cuba the U.S. trade Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst exag- gerated yellow journalism

6. William McKinley newspaper reports • _______________________, president in 1898, did not want war, but the public, stirred up by sensational _______________________, forced him to take action. He demanded that Spain halt its harsh treatment of Cubans, but little changed. • In January 1898, McKinley sent the _______________ to Cuba to protect U.S. citizens from riots. The following month it exploded and sank in _________ harbor, killing 260 sailors. • ___________________caused the explosions. Most historians think it was __________________. The Americans blamed ________. “Remember the _________” became a call to arms. When Spain refused to withdraw from Cuba, the _____________ _____________ began. • The first battle was fought in ____________________. U.S.S. Maine Havana’s No one knows who an accident Spain Maine Spanish- American the Philippines

7. Filipinos Theodore Roosevelt Many _______________ had revolted against the Spanish as well. • The Filipino independence movement attracted the attention of __________________, asst. secretary of the navy, who put American ships in Hong Kong on alert. • Commodore _______________________ set out for Manila, Philippines before the war began. The battle in _____________________ began in the early morning and by a little past noon, Dewey’s forces had destroyed the Spanish fleet. “The War in the Caribbean” • One of the new recruits for the war was _________ _____________, who helped organize the _________ ________________, a volunteer cavalry unit. When the recruits arrived in Cuba, many became sick with _____________________. George Dewey Manila Bay Teddy Roosevelt Rough Riders tropical diseases

8. San Juan Hill African Americans • In order to gain control of Santiago’s port, American troops had to capture __________________. ______________________ from the Tenth Cavalry began to drive the Spanish back. • Two days later, American ships destroyed Spain’s fleet as it tried to escape ________________________. On August 12, 1898, Spain signed a truce. “Results of the War” • American leaders demanded Spain give up _______ __________, _________, and ____________________. • A difficult question dealt with the Philippines, whose citizens had fought alongside Americans with the understanding that they would gain ______ ________________. President McKinley decided that the country would become an American __________. • Filipinos led by ____________________ rebelled and the U.S. did not restore order until 1902. Santiago Harbor Puerto Rico Cuba the Philippines inde- pendence colony Emilio Aguinaldo

9. Platt Amendment Guantánamo • The U.S. also had to decide what to do about Cuba. The Cubans had to add the _____________________, which gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime, to their constitution. They also had to allow a U.S. naval base at _________________ ______. • ________________ became a territory, and its citizens had little to say in their own affairs. Not until 1917 would the U.S. make it a self-governing territory and grant U.S. ________________ to its citizens. • Several well-known Americans, including Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, and ____________________ opposed imperialism and created the _____________ _____________. They believed Americans should not deny other people sovereignty. Their voice was lost in the roar of popular approval of the war. Bay Puerto Rico citizenship Mark Twain Anti-Imper- Ialist League