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Commas

Commas. Introductory Material and Other Common Usages. Introductory Material. When a subordinate clause or phrase is at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma after it. . Subordinate Clauses. All clauses contain a subject and predicate.

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Commas

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  1. Commas Introductory Material and Other Common Usages

  2. Introductory Material • When a subordinate clause or phrase is at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma after it.

  3. Subordinate Clauses • All clauses contain a subject and predicate. • Subordinate Clauses cannot stand alone and begin with a subordinating conjunction • Ex: • Once the secret was out, he lost all his street credit.

  4. Phrases • There are two kinds of phrases that require commas if found at the beginning of sentences: • Prepositional Phrases – begin with a preposition, i.e. in, out, above, with, to, among Ex: In the morning, dad usually make a cup of coffee • Participial Phrases – verbs that end in - ingor – ed; used to describe nouns Ex: Running around the house, the toddler fell down onto the carpet.

  5. Appositives • Used to give more information about a specific noun in a sentence • Ex: • My sister, a realtor, sold an expensive house.

  6. Essential Vs. Non-Essential Material • Use commas to separate non-essential material • NO COMMAS for essential material

  7. Essential Material • Ex: • The chair that sat in the corner of the room broke in half. • I ate the two cookies that tasted awful.

  8. Non-Essential Material • Ex: • My best friend left for France, which was the worst thing she could ever do. • Kevin, who ran 50 miles this morning, gave me some important advice.

  9. Participial Phrases at the end of sentences • Ex: • We skied down the hill, hoping not to hit a tree. • The king claimed all, conquered only by his greed.

  10. Compound Sentences • Two Independent Clauses separated by a comma and conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, so • Ex: • She swam 100 miles, but she never made it.

  11. Not Compound Sentence • EX: • She swam 100 miles but never made it. • but never made it – missing the subject “she”

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