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Cell wall

Cell wall. Cell wall is the outermost wall of the cell Is made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin . is flexible and tough. The cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism Provides structural support Also provides protection Has 3 layers. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm.

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Cell wall

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  1. Cell wall

  2. Cell wall is the outermost wall of the cell • Is made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. • is flexible and tough

  3. The cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism • Provides structural support • Also provides protection • Has 3 layers

  4. Cytoplasm

  5. Cytoplasm • Location: Fills up space between nucleus and cell membrane • Description: • Clear in colour • Has gel like appearance • Composed mainly of water • Holds enzymes

  6. Cytoplasm • Functions • Helps to move materials around the cell • Dissolves cellular waste • Provides support to the internal structures • Helps to maintain the shape and consistency of the cell • Acts as a site for vital metabolic reactions

  7. Cytoskeleton

  8. Cytoskeleton • anchored to proteins in the plasma membrane • dynamic structure, as the microfilaments and microtubules can depolymerize and re-polymerize very easily • Network of fibers called cytoplasmic lattice • Microtubule a cylinder composed of tubulin dimers

  9. Functions • Cytoskeleton provides support and shape to the cell • Anchors the organelles in place • Helps in the movement of materials in and out of the cells • These proteins both maintain shape and allow movement

  10. Mitochondria Cell organelle Found in plants and animals

  11. Description and location • Smooth outer layer and internal cristae for increased surface area • Membrane is made up of phospholipid bilayers and proteins • The matrix is the space within the inner membrane • In the cytoplasm

  12. Functions • “Powerhouse of the cell” • Takes energy provided by oxidation of glucose and bonds ADP + P -> ATP • Energy bank, which uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide • Carbohydrate + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy • Cellular Respiration

  13. Chloroplast

  14. Chloroplast: Description and Location • One of many organelles referred to as plastids • Found ONLY in plants • Found within the cytoplasm of the cell • Outer membrane surrounds stacks of disks (grana) which surrounds a central stroma

  15. Function • Gives plants the color green • Used for storing starches, proteins and oils • Responsible for the capture of solar energy for photosynthesis (conversion of solar energy to chemical) • energy+carbondioxide+water-> carbs + oxygen

  16. Ribosomes

  17. Description and location • Tiny dot-like structures • Composed of two subunits, each of which has its own mix of rRNA and proteins • Found on the rough ER ( rough endoplasmic reticulum) or floating freely in the cytoplasm If there are several ribosomes together free in the cytoplasm, they will join together to form a polysome

  18. Function • Manufacture protein by joining amino acids together according to a plan delivered by the nucleus (mRNA) • The site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm • Used in the ER for manufacture of externally required proteins and in the cytoplasm for making proteins for use within the cell

  19. Vacuole

  20. Structure + Location • It takes whatever shape that the cell currently needs • It is located throughout the cell, as it moves where the cell needs it • It is formed from the membrane

  21. Function • Vacuoles contain organic and inorganic molecules, including enzymes in solution • In some cases, it may contain solids that have been engulfed • Isolates unknown and harmful materials that have entered the cell • Contains water for plant cells, and also wastes • Maintains Hydrostatic Pressure and pH in the cell • Helps maintain leaf and stem structure in plants due to maintenance of pressure

  22. Lysosome

  23. Description and Location • The cells waste disposal system • Located in the cytoplasm near the cell membrane in eukaryotic cells • Have similar role to vacuoles • Fuse with autophagic vacuoles to dispense enzymes into the autophagic vacuoles

  24. Function • Use enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris • Described as the stomach of cells • Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and remove bacteria or viruses • Found in animal cells

  25. Nucleus Bio 12 Shavonne Clark

  26. Structures • Nuclear envelope • Double membrane • Closes entire organelle • Isolates contents from cellular cytoplasm • Contains nuclear pores • Chromosomes • Nucleolus

  27. Functions • Maintains the integrity genes (nuclear genome) • Control activities of the cell • Regulates gene expression • “control center” • Contains cells genetic material

  28. Nucleolus

  29. Description and Location • Non-membrane bound structure • Composed of proteins and nucleic acids • Found within the nucleus

  30. Functions • Contains chromatin to produce rRna • rRna is assembled within the nucleolus • rRNA joins the proteins to form subunits of ribosomes

  31. Chromatin / Chromosomes

  32. Chromatin Chromosome

  33. Description/Location

  34. Function • Main function : control activities of a living cell • Vital for the cell division process • Responsible for : • division • Replication • Governs protein synthesis • DNA contains gene which tell your cells how to make protein • DNA—>RNA—>Protein

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