1. The New Nation The Beginning of a Republic

2. Born of War, Now we Journey Towards Peace

3. The Treaty of Paris 1783 The War for Independence had ended officially in 1783. Now the new country had a long difficult task ahead. It had to govern itself It Began with the Articles of Confederation. However, the Articles proved to be inadequate. The Articles were quietly thrown out and a Constitution was created.

4. A government under the Constitution www.archives.gov

5. What does it mean? The Constitution was ratified in 1789 with a Bill of Rights. The last states ratified the Constitution in 1791. The new government created Three Branches of government. The Branches were established with their own unique responsibilities. Problem= little was done to define the Judicial and Executive Branches.

6. The Man of the Hour http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg

7. George Washington -Washington had no desire to become President. He was a war hero and a wealthy planter from Virginia. -Took his oath of office at our new national capital in New York City in 1789.

8. Federal Hall NYC http://www.my-new-york.com/web/images/new-york/federal_hall.jpg WWW.ARCHIVES.GOV

9. Problems Already -Never before had a government been based upon republican ideas and individual rights with influence from the enlightenment. -The Constitution had created an Executive branch however it only mentioned the office of the President and Vice President (John Adams). **How could two men operate an entire branch of the government by themselves?

10. Problem Solving -In order to solve this problem…… Washington expanded the Executive Branch by creating offices to assist the President and Vice President. This collection of advisors is called a cabinet. The first cabinet consisted of the… 1. Department of State—to handle Foreign Affairs (Thomas Jefferson) 2. Department of the Treasury—to handle money (Alexander Hamilton) 3. Department of War—to handle the nation’s security (Henry Knox) 4. Attorney General’s Office—to handle legal matters (Edmund Randolph)

11. Problem Solving The Constitution had also created a Judicial Branch. However it had only created one court (The Supreme Court) to handle all of the judicial needs of the nation. -Washington proposes the Judiciary Act of 1789. This Act provided for a Chief Justice and the creation of federal courts. He appoints John Jay as the nation’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.  -The Judiciary Act reinforced the Constitution as the “Supreme Law” of the US.

12. More Problems The young United States was in heavy debt due to its War for Independence How is the problem resolved?

13. Alexander Hamilton Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury is tasked with finding ways to get the nation out of debt. His plan included the creation of (1)National Bank, (2) an excise tax on Whiskey, (3) Protective Tariff, (4) Bonds.

14. Alexander Hamilton http://c250.columbia.edu/images/c250_celebrates/celebrated_alumni/bio_images_big/240x240_bioim_cel_2_1-01-ah.jpg

15. Unexpected Results! National Bank Rebellion out West! )Many people questioned the constitutionality of a national bank. The excise tax on whiskey angered western farmers. They rebelled. How could the rebellion bestopped?

16. Somebody Do Something! Tariff on Imported Goods Bonds Hamilton attempted to protect northern industry by creating a protective tariff. The tax was designed to raise the prices on imported goods. This would force people to buy American made products. However, it ruined the Southern Economy Citizens could loan their money to the government for a few years and expect to receive twice the amount in return. However, the bonds seemed to only benefit northerners who had the resources to purchase them. Southerners did not trust the government’s ability to pay the bonds.

17. Sectionalism! The Constitution allowed the federal government to create an army. Therefore, Washington sent in soldiers to end the Whiskey Rebellion. This proved that the Constitution worked.  The end result of Hamilton’s plan was “Sectionalism.” Each region of the nation mistrusted the others. Northerners and Southerners felt divided. Westerners felt isolated from the east.  President Washington realized that if our nation was to survive it would have to unify

18. Washington and the threat of Foreign Conflict The greatest threat to our new nation was Spain. It controlled most of the land surrounding the United States. Washington sent Thomas Pickney to create a peace treaty with Spain. Pickney’s treaty was a success. 1.Spain gave up all claims to US Territory 2. Created a border with Florida 3. Americans were granted access to the Mississippi River

19. Native American Conflict • Americans had begun moving westward. Until 1790, the US policy towards Indians had been to push Indians off of their land. • A Miami Chief named Little Turtle decided to fight back . He organized a rebellion. He successfully defeated US soldiers in a couple of major attacks. However, the US forces finally defeated the Miami tribes in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Little Turtle eventually fled to Canada. His tribes were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. The natives sold their land for $20,000 and an annual payment of $10,000. However, much of the money was never payed

20. Conflict with Great BritainThe creation of Jay’s Treaty John Jay was sent to England to Strengthen America’s ties with Great Britain. We wanted to avoid war with England at all costs. = Jay’s Treaty Jay was supposed to settle our dispute with Britain over ownership of western lands. He did not. Jay was also supposed to stop British Impressment (the process of confiscating American sailors and pressing them into British service). Jay did not accomplish this task either.

21. Friends or Foes?

22. France France was at war with Great Britain. The French elite wanted the US to aid them in their revolution and war against the British. France sent Edmond Genet to negotiate an alliance. George Washington said “no” Tensions between France and America rose.

23. Farewell Washington gives a farewell speech. In his speech he voices his concern for the nation. He is afraid that sectionalism and political conflict will ruin the nation. Washington gives advice Stay away from Foreign wars Make no alliances with other nations Remain neutral in politics. Do not create political parties Washington’s advice was ignored.