LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDIA PART 3: EARTHQUAKES

1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSINDIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. INDIA

3. NATURAL AND TECH. HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN INDIA FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT POWER BLACKOUTS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

4. Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes faulting, which causes EARTHQUAKES

5. SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL

6. CAUSE OF SEISMICITY • The interaction of the Indo-Australia and Eurasia plates is the main causative factor for the seismicity of India.

7. PLATE TECTONICS

8. INDIA’S SEISMICITY

9. INDIA:GROUND SHAKING HAZARD

10. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING

11. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS(the potential disaster agents) SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

12. LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

13. QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

14. VULNERABILITY IS THE ULTIMATE CAUSE OF RISK

15. 35 30 25 UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE 20 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS 15 10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME 5 0 V VI VII VIII IX CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE INTENSITY

16. An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of a community’s actions or policies that change its resistance to ground shaking

17. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

18. A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH INDIA’S COMMUNITIES

19. THE GUJARAT, INDIA EARTHQUAKE DISASTERJANUARY 26, 2001

20. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

21. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

22. AN INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKE 400 KM FROM PLATE BOUNDARY-- “A SURPRISE”

23. MAGNITUDE 7.7 JUST BEFORE 0900 ON A HOLIDAY (51st Republic Day) 20,000 DEAD 167,000 INJURED 400,000 HOMES DESTROYED 600,000 HOMELESS GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

24. BHUJ, (150,000), 20 km from epicenter Devastated AHMEDABAD (5.6 MILLION) 50 multi-story buildings collapsed STRICKEN URBAN CENTERS

25. ESTIMATED LOSS: $5.5 BILLION Over 1 million structures damaged or destroyed.

26. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

27. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

28. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

29. SEARCH AND RESCUE

30. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

31. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

32. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

33. HOMELESS: GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

34. HOMELESS: GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

35. GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE

36. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD

37. The impacted area was re-equipped with all the basic facilities along with state-of-the-art upgrades; Bhuj, for examples, now has a better hospital, town and first-aid center

38. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community torespond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

39. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

40. THE REASONS ARE . . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure can be LOST for long periods.

41. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

42. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community has NODISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

43. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

44. THE REASONS ARE . . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

45. THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

46. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT EARTH-QUAKES EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

47. QUAKE HAZARDS • PEOPLE & BLDGS. • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION EARTHQUAKE RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE INDIA’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

48. STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT