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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. The Market Revolution 1815-1860. Web. Drive Toward a Modern Economy after 1815. Henry Clay, “American System” Protective tariffs National bank Internal Improvements Second Bank of the United States chartered 1816 National currency and centralized monetary and credit systems

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 The Market Revolution 1815-1860 Web

  2. Drive Toward a Modern Economy after 1815 • Henry Clay, “American System” • Protective tariffs • National bank • Internal Improvements • Second Bank of the United States chartered 1816 • National currency and centralized monetary and credit systems • Tariff of 1816 • Nation’s first overtly protective tariff • Favored by Northeast and west

  3. Drive Toward a Modern Economy after 1815 (cont.) • Internal improvements • National Road to link the Chesapeake and the trans-Appalachian West • Republican opposition to further federal action • States took up clause of canal construction and road building • Supreme Court decisions after 21816 affirmed power of federal government • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) • McCulloch V. Maryland (1816) • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

  4. The Transportation Revolution after 1815 • National Road completed in 1818 • Linked Potomac River with Ohio River at Wheeling, Virginia • Steamboat made commercial agriculture possible in the West • By 1820, 69 steamboats operating on western rivers • Erie Canal, 1825 • Stretched 364 miles from Buffalo to Albany • Funde3d by New York State • Encouraged other states to follow suit

  5. The Transportation Revolution after 1815 (cont.) • Railroads in use by 1820s • National system in use by the 1840s • Time and cost of long-distance transport considerably diminished • Foreign trade increased dramatically after 1840 • Unified national market uniting the industrial Northeast and mid- • Atlantic and the Commercial farms of the Old Northwest • South largely excluded

  6. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Rivers, Roads and Canals, 1825-1860

  7. Development of the North and West • Northeast became increasingly industrial and commercial • Old Northwest became agricultural center of nation • Beginnings of national commercial networks in place by 1840s • Even farmers had access to factory-made products • Material standards of living rose • More people, though, dependent on outside forces for their survival

  8. Development of the North and West (cont.) • Until 1830s, most settlers in Old Northwest were from Kentucky and Tennessee • Retained southern customs of farming and livestock raising • Preferred barter and informal contacts to pure monetary exchange • After 1830, large numbers of settlers began coming from the Northeast • Duplicated market-intensive farming methods of New England • Sought, often unsuccessfully, to impose order on nature

  9. Transformation of the American Household • Declining size of families, especially in the North • Sharper distinction between “male work” and “female work” • Increasing attention of women to childbearing • Growing attention to appearance of houses and yards • Search for privacy and comfort in the houses themselves • Declining reliance on neighborliness

  10. The Industrial Revolution Transforms Urban America • Rapid growth of cities between 1820 and 1870 • Nation’s first factories were textile mills in the northeast • Waltham system • Heavily capitalized factories with modern machinery • Young, female labor force

  11. The Industrial Revolution Transforms Urban America(cont.) • Development of a separate managerial structure separate from manufacturing itself • Factories not widespread except in textiles and a few other goods until the 1850s • Much production undertaken on subcontracted, or “sweated” basis • Women performed unskilled jobs • Skilled men did finishing work • Emerging social self-conceptions based on difference between manual and nonmanual work

  12. The Market Revolution in the South • Dramatic increase in cotton production after 1815 • Large plantations were extremely commercial operations • Utilized complex labor systems • More humane treatment of slaves after 1820 • Great gulf between wealthy planters and small farmers • Most small farmers lived in up-country

  13. The Market Revolution in the South (cont.) • Developed fiercely independent neighborhoods • Some practiced mixed farming for subsistence and neighborhood exchange • Yeoman farmers routinely traded labor and goods with one another • Great Planters among richest men in Western Hemisphere • Only ones in South to purchase commercial goods • Industrialized only as needed to support the plantation economy Web

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