Immigration and Urbanization

1. US History Unit #10 Immigration and Urbanization

2. “New” Immigrants / Steerage • “New” Immigrants – Immigrants who came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe and struggled to adapt to America culture due to their difference in language, religion, and social status. • Steerage – The worst accommodations on a ship; located on the lower decks with no private cabins, most “new” immigrants were only able to afford this type of travel.

3. Push Factors / Pull Factors • Push Factors – Events which took place in the native countries of immigrants which led them to immigrate to the United States; these include poor economy, warfare, and religious persecution. • Pull Factors – Perceived opportunities in the United States that led people in other countries to immigrate to the United States; these include cheap land in the American west and industrial jobs in American cities, political stability, and freedom of religion.

4. Ellis Island / Angel Island • Ellis Island – Immigrant processing station in New York Harbor for most immigrants entering the United States from Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean between 1892 and the 1960s. • Angel Island – Immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay for most immigrants entering the United States from Asia and the Pacific Islands between 1910 and the 1960s.

5. Americanization / Melting Pot • Americanization – A process through which an immigrant and his/her descendants abandon their native customs and language, replacing them with English and American dress, diet, and traditions. • Melting Pot – A society in which white people of all different nationalities blend to create a single culture; the United States at the turn of the 20th century was considered to be a melting pot society.

6. Nativism / Chinese Exclusion Act • Nativism – A belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers; competition for jobs and housing between native-born and foreign-born Americans led to a rise in Nativism in the late 1800s • Chinese Exclusion Act – Passed in 1882, this law prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the civil rights of Chinese immigrants already in the USA, and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents.

7. Far and Away: Segment #1 • As you watch the film, in Box #2 of your Bell Work answer the following questions: • 1. Search: Describe the conditions for the lower-class in Ireland in the late 1800s. Give at least 3 facts observed during the film. • 2. Analyze: Why does Joseph Donnelly (Tom Cruise’s character) feel that it is his duty to kill his landlord? (Explain in at least 1 sentence) • 3. Apply: What similarities are there between the difficult circumstances of Joseph Donnelly and those of immigrants today? (At least 2 similarities)

8. Urbanization • A process through which the number of cities and people living in cities within a country increases; in the late 19th century, America experienced a dramatic increase in Urbanization partly due to the influx of new immigrants and rural-to-urban migration.

9. Rural-to-Urban Migrants • Americans who moved from farms and agricultural work, often in the Southern states, to cities in the Northeast and Midwest.

10. Skyscrapers / Elisha Otis • Skyscrapers – Ten-story and taller buildings with steel frames and artistic designs used for office space in major American cities. • Elisha Otis – Inventor of the safety elevator in the 1850s, making the use of skyscrapers for office use more practical.

11. Mass Transit / Suburbs • Mass Transit – Public systems that could carry large numbers of people fairly inexpensively; these include rail lines, trolleys, electric cable cars, subways, and busses. • Suburbs –Communities established on the perimeter of industrial cities; Middle and upper class people began moving to the suburbs in the late 1800s as a result of the development of mass transit, which permitted them to commute to work in the city.

12. Frederick Law Olmstead • Landscape engineer who pioneered the idea of establishing city parks in urban centers; Olmstead designed New York’s Central Park, Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, and several others across the country.

13. Far and Away Segment #2 • As you watch the film, in Box #4 of your Bell Work answer the following questions: • 1. Search: a) To what city do Joseph Donnelly and Shannon Christie (Nicole Kidman’s character) arrive in America? b) How does Joseph protect Shannon once they arrive in the Mr. Kelly’s club? • 2. Analyze: Why does Joseph Donnelly like America? Give at least 2 examples of things that he likes. • 3. Apply: What are some of the challenges faced by immigrants to the United States today? At least 1 sentence

14. Tenements • Low-cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze in as many families as possible; with few windows and little sanitation, tenements were unhealthy and dangerous

15. Mark Twain • Pseudonym for Samuel Clemens, a 19th century American author and satirist; Twain wrote classics such as Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer and is also credited with labeling the era following the American Civil War as “The Gilded Age”.

16. Gilded Age • Label given to the last decades of the nineteenth century; the era is known for technological advancements and dramatic quality of life improvements for the middle-class.

17. Conspicuous Consumerism • A cultural trait of the United States in the late 19th century in which people wanted and bought the many new products on the market.

18. Joseph Pulitzer / William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer – Hungarian immigrant who started The World, a successful newspaper in New York City which was supported by business that placed advertisements in the paper. • William Randolph Hearst – Founder of The Morning Journal and Pulitzer’s chief rival in the New York City newspaper business.

19. Horatio Alger • Late 19th century American Author who wrote about characters who succeeded by hard work. (Rags-to-Riches)

20. John Dewey • Influential philosopher, reformer and professor of the Gilded Age; Dewey’s child-centered philosophy of education provides the foundation for modern education in the United States.

21. Amusement Parks / Coney Island • Amusement Parks - Recreation sites developed in the United States during the late 19th century which featured rides, “freak” shows, and other abnormal forms of entertainment • Coney Island – America’s first and best-known Amusement Park; Built In New York City on the coast in 1884 by Lamarcus Thompson featuring the world’s first roller coaster.

22. Vaudeville • A medley of musical drama, songs, and off-color comedy shows which toured the major cities of the United States in the Gilded Age.

23. Spectator Sports / Baseball • Spectator Sports – Athletic competitions held for entertainment; in the United States spectator sports began to become popular during the Gilded Age and included baseball, horse racing, boxing, bicycle racing, and football. • Baseball – The national sport of the United States and the most popular spectator sport of the Gilded Age; the first professional baseball league, the National League, was established in 1876.

24. Far and Away: Segment #3 • As you watch the film, in Box #6 of your Bell Work answer the following questions: • 1. Search: Describe life on the American frontier in the late 1800s. (At least 3 facts) • 2. Analyze: Why is owning land so important to Joseph? (At least 1 reason and 1 sentence) • 3. Apply: In the late 1800s owning land was a key goal of immigrants to the United States. What is the key goal of immigrants to the United States today? Why? (At least 1 sentence)