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Solid-State Lighting: The III-V Epi “Killer App”

Solid-State Lighting: The III-V Epi “Killer App”. Jeff Tsao ∙ Physical, Chemical and Nano Sciences Center ∙ Sandia National Laboratories. HP calculator. http://www.hpmuseum.org/32.jpg. NASDAQ’s Giant Video Display in Times Square, New York (Jeff Tsao). Center high-mount stop light (CHMSL).

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Solid-State Lighting: The III-V Epi “Killer App”

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  1. Solid-State Lighting: The III-V Epi “Killer App” Jeff Tsao ∙ Physical, Chemical and Nano Sciences Center ∙ Sandia National Laboratories HP calculator. http://www.hpmuseum.org/32.jpg NASDAQ’s Giant Video Display in Times Square, New York (Jeff Tsao) Center high-mount stop light (CHMSL). http://www.honda-tech.com/showthread.php?t=2413558 Traffic light. http://mksurf8.blogspot.com/2009/11/relasyon.html Surefire U2 flashlight. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurefireU2JPG.jpg Sharp QuadPixel RGBY LED-backlit LCD Display. http://www.macworld.com/article/145541/2010/01/sharp_quadpixel.html http://tan-moneyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/earthatnight-asia1.jpg Nokia camera phone with LED flash. http://www.itechnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Nokia-3720-Classic-the-most-rugged-mobile-phone.jpg Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA)

  2. Historical and projected consumption of light 0.0072 104 β·GDP/CoL(Plmh/yr) 102 10-6 10-4 10-2 1 102 104 / = ∙ ~ WRLD 2030 1 WRLD 2005 US 2001 OECD-EU 2005 CN 2006 FSU 2000 CN 2005 CN 1993 10-2 JP+KR 2005 AU+NZ 2005 UK 2000 UK 1950 Φ (Plmh/yr) 10-4 UK 1900 WRLD-NONGRID 1999 10-6 UK 1850 UK 1800 After JY Tsao, HD Saunders, JR Creighton, ME Coltrin, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Energy Economics Perspective,” J Physics D (submitted). UK 1750 UK 1700 Candles Gas Kerosene HID Fluorescent Incandescent SSL

  3. Chip area needed to light the world Luminous efficacy lm/W Input power density Light 0.0072 Power Area Duty cycle Luminous efficacy Cost of energy http://tan-moneyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/earthatnight-asia1.jpg Area Area Turnover MOVPE Reactors 137 T$/yr Yield 3/4 ~0.15 km2/yr 28 football fields/yr ~1.3 km2 240 football fields ~ 800 Uptime 330 days/yr 1/4 1/4 Area of 4” wafer Wa- fers per run 12 Runs per day 3 Life 25 khr 119 $/MWh 300 W/cm2

  4. The other electronics “killer apps” http://blog.elisehuard.be/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/wafer_200mm_90nm_1024k_dc.jpg http://tan-moneyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/earthatnight-asia1.jpg http://www.itechnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Nokia-3720-Classic-the-most-rugged-mobile-phone.jpg Sharp QuadPixel RGBY LED-backlit LCD Display. http://www.macworld.com/article/145541/2010/01/sharp_quadpixel.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_cell.png Estimate from Steven S Rosenblum, Corning, Inc Estimate from Gartner (http://www.fabtech.org/news/_a/gartner_revises_silicon_wafer_demand_forecast/) Estimate from A Anwar, Strategy Analytics Assuming 9.6 GWp (http://www.displaybank.com/eng/info/sread.php?id=5730) at 15% efficiency

  5. Enroute to the end game:luminous efficacy, cost, functionality η η 4.6x 3.5x 100 $Win 2004.8 2005.8 7.1x 10 2007.2 Incandescent 0.35A 1:6 Ratio 0.7A 2008.5 Mh Fluorescent 2009.7 lm/W 1 1.5A CoLcap~ $Win/[η∙τ]($/Mlmh) HID $/W $Win Adapted from JY Tsao, ME Coltrin, MH Crawford, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology and Economic Perspective,” Proc IEEE (in press). B LED↑ 4.9x 0.1 Phosphors↑ RGB Perfect 0.01 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 CoLope= CoE/η ($/Mlmh) lm/W $/MWh

  6. 1W LEDs 350 mA Technology Grand Challenges Cost: Eliminate blue LED efficiency droop Luminous Efficacy: Narrow-linewidth shallow-red color conversion Luminous Efficacy and Functionality: Fill in the red-yellow-green gap and add control loops 2 1 3 Target: 200 A/cm2 0.3 0.2 456 614 ε 456 535 573 614 0.1 0 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) 1 Human eye response Auger-like 0.1 Spontaneous Emission k (ns-1) Schockley-Read-Hall 0.01 State-of-art LED 0.001 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 Spectral power distribution (W/nm) J (A/cm2) Wavelength (nm) 0.6Ω 2.8V εJoule εIQE Courtesy of M. Krames, Philips-Lumileds

  7. http://blog.elisehuard.be/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/wafer_200mm_90nm_1024k_dc.jpghttp://blog.elisehuard.be/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/wafer_200mm_90nm_1024k_dc.jpg http://www.itechnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Nokia-3720-Classic-the-most-rugged-mobile-phone.jpg http://tan-moneyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/earthatnight-asia1.jpg Sharp QuadPixel RGBY LED-backlit LCD Display. http://www.macworld.com/article/145541/2010/01/sharp_quadpixel.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_cell.png Acknowledgements: Randy Creighton ∙ Mike Coltrin ∙ Roland Haitz ∙ Harry Saunders ∙ Eric Shaner ∙ Jerry Simmons ∙ Paul Waide Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandia’s Solid-State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

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