Video of First Airbus A340 Assembly in Toulouse

1. Heathrow Branch 8th December 2016 Video of First Airbus A340 Assembly in Toulouse With parts coming from France, Germany, Spain & the UK

2. Heathrow Branch 8th December 2016 “Development of Aircraft Simulation – An Essential Part of Training and Aircraft Design” Hugh Dibley, FCILT, FRIN, FRAeS Recent Airbus A320, A330, A340 Pilot Instructor Ex Technical Pilot, Airbus Training, Toulouse Member RAeS Flight Simulation Group Committee Ex BOAC / BA B707, B747, TriStar – Flight Instructor & Certificate of Airworthiness Test Pilot As Flight Navigator: Douglas DC7C, Britannia, Comet 4, B707

4. Hugh Dibley’s Main Aviation Activities

5. Hugh Dibley’s Main Aviation Activities

6. Hugh Dibley’s Main Aviation Activities

7. Hugh Dibley’s Main Aviation Activities

8. Hugh Dibley’s Main Aviation Activities

11. History - of aviation Development of Simulators Need for Training Engineering Simulators Simulators for Training Space Tourism Simulation Vital part of airline finance Need for pilots & training ? RAeS Flight Simul’tn Group

12. History – of Aviation and Simulation 1848-96 Otto Lilienthal - theory and practice 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci - amazing concepts 1773-1857 Sir George Cayley – developed theories of aircraft control, built first manned glider

13. History – of Aviation and Simulation Replicas of the Governable Parachute 2003 Sir George Cayley’s Governable Parachute 1852

14. History – of Aviation and Simulation Developed controls through wind tunnels & tethered gliders. Improved aircraft control & their flying skills in gliders. All a form of simulation? Orville and Wilbur Wright Learnt from theories of Cayley & Lilienthal (Published by the RAeS formed in 1866)

15. History – of Aviation and Simulation Wright Flier crashed during later flight Canard at front of Wright Flier was for control & safety 100 years later, some replicas were even less successful Historic First Flight 17 December 2003 Indicates a need for some form of Flight Training!

16. History – of Aviation and Simulation Early Flight Simulator developed for training in aircraft handling Learning to fly the aircraft – only in good weather and daylight Left wheel control Yaw – Left & Right Right wheel control Pitch – Up & Down Flown by Humbert Latham – first to land aircraft on water

17. History – of Aviation and Simulation Now in the Aeroscopia Museum near the Airbus A380 Final Assembly Line

18. History – of Aviation and Simulation The US Army Air Corps was called upon in early 1934 to deliver mail in the wake of the Air Mail scandal, involving the postmaster general and heads of the airlines. The initial performance was disastrous and resulted in numerous crashes including 12 fatalities…… Mainly from pilots being unable to fly in cloud by reference to instruments. Something had to be done – Similar to the British Longitude Act in 1714 after 1550 lives were lost the when the fleet ran aground off South West England in 1707? Douglas O-46A

19. History – of Aviation and Simulation Enter Ed LINK • In 1928, Edwin C. Link, having learnt to fly, left his father's organ building business to begin work on a "pilot trainer." • He conceived a device that would allow pilots to take their preliminary flight instruction while safely on the ground. • With his organ building experience, he used air pump valves and bellows to make his trainer move in response to its controls. • The Blue Box Link Trainer was the first effective training device making Ed Link the true father of flight simulation. • Ed was awarded the RAeS Wakefield Gold Medal in 1947 by Prince Philip.

20. History – of Aviation and Simulation Enter Ed LINK • His few early customers were amusement parks, not flight training schools - the early models served as amusement rides. • In 1934 the US Army Air Corps ordered 6 Blue Box Link Trainers - and their accident rate reduced dramatically. • The 10,000 Link Trainers built became essential equipment for all training establishments military and civil. • During World War II, more than half a million airmen were taught by the Link Trainer. • In 1945, an AT-6 training airplane cost more that $10 per hour to operate. The Link Trainer cost $.04. 1/250 of the a/c. • (In 1970 BOAC used Link Trainers to give Flight Engineers basic instrument skills to be able to monitor pilots’ flying.)

21. History – of Aviation and Simulation Ed LINK’s Blue Box The Blue Box allowed pilots to learn to fly the aircraft on instruments in cloud. Latest simulators can train in all acceptable weather conditions – wind shear etc.

22. History – of Aviation and Simulation Ed LINK’s Blue Box Link Trainer – circa 1940 Limited pneumatic powered motion system in pitch, roll and heading and sound General instrument flying trainer - not related to any aircraft type

23. History – of Aviation and Simulation Ed LINK’s Blue Box

24. History – of Aviation and Simulation Ed LINK’s Blue Box

25. History – of Aviation and Simulation Ed LINK’s Blue Box A Link Trainer cannot replicate all the sensations of real flight in abnormal attitudes. As part of their initial training pilots should learn spinning when flying an actual aircraft – and practice aerobatics if possible. The Link Blue Box was generic trainer & did not simulate a specific aircraft type

26. Development of Flight Simulators Curtiss-Wright were amongst the first to make Flight Simulators – such as for the B25 bomber • Actual aircraft Cockpits started to be used • 1950s Boeing Stratocruiser – used by BOAC • without motion nor visual Simulators were developed by individual manufacturers – but with no standards. RAeS Flight Simulation Group created standards for top level Full Flight Simulators – which were adopted by the industry up to ICAO. • Top Level Full Flight Simulators now • have Motion and Visual Systems • Plus many lower level types of Part Task Trainers from internet Distance learning, • MS Flight Simulator, • To devices to train specific systems.

27. Development of Flight Simulators • Essential Parts of a Flight Simulator • 1. Computing systems – without which nothing can happen • 2. Aircraft Flight Deck with sound system – need alarms, etc • 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS)– a licensed instructor still essential • 4. Visual System • a. Image generator • b. Display system • 5. Motion System • 6. Sensible course programme, competent instructors, certification and maintenance

28. Reminder that: A competent Instructor Fundamental A training device cannot function without a properly qualified instructor who holds: Renewal more complex under EASA rules! a current Examiner Authorisation if applicable a current instructor Rating / Authorisation a professional pilot’s licence the aircraft type & an instructor Rating

29. Development of Flight Simulators 1. Computing systems Aircraft controls were mechanical (even on some large jet aircraft) Simulators systems were similar Computers used valves Radio aids had to be set up by a simulator operator outside the flight deck

30. Development of Flight Simulators 1. Computing systems Computing capacity was unable to calculate the complete aerodynamic model of the aircraft and other systems Aircraft handling largely relied on the subjective judgement of simulator test pilots (often varied) - and engineers’ patience! Engineers could “fly” the aircraft better than manufacturer’s test pilots – Example; early SUD Caravelle simulator - which Chief Test Pilot crashed but simulator engineer could land! Airline crews could learn tricks to fly the simulator and pass competency checks Regular base flying on actual aircraft was still essential, with asymmetric / engine out training close to the ground required

31. Development of Flight Simulators 1. Computing systems Digital computing led to aircraft controls and systems being run by computers and thus to the current simulator organisation

32. Development of Flight Simulators 1. Computing systems Digital computing led to aircraft controls and systems being run by computers and thus to the current simulator organisation Visual System Database Instructor Station Visual System Weather Model Sound System Ground Handling Model Flight Model Motion System Aerodynamic Database Instrument Displays Engine Model Navigation Systems Data Acquisition Navigation Database

33. Development of Flight Simulators 1. Computing systems Tasks required by computing systems: • Aircraft handling, visual and motion systems • All kinds of weather on the ground and in the atmosphere and effects • Ground terrain, buildings and radio aids • Increasing number of aircraft navigational and other systems • Flight Management Systems including radio, waypoints and terrain databases • Global Positioning System for navigation, GPWS & EGPWS warning systems • Windshear detection and avoidance systems / Head Up Displays • TCAS (Traffic Control & Avoidance System) / ACAS • Electronic displays fed by all the systems on the aircraft / Electronic Checklists Charts etc • Video cameras giving views outside the aircraft for taxiing & in flight aircraft observation Then it must be able to: • Reposition aircraft and Flight Management Systems Instantly • Allow failure of all significant systems with correct effects • Instantly restore all failed systems to normal operation

34. Simulators for Flight Training 2. Aircraft Flight Deck Easiest part – From 1960s difficult to tell whether photograph of cockpit or actual aircraft 1971 First BOAC B747 digital simulator Now should be impossible – without extremely detailed knowledge of specific aircraft type and model 1990s Airbus A330 cockpit – not known if aircraft or simulator “Feel” of all flight controls must be identical to the aircraft.

35. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) For early simulators were outside the cockpit 1940 Link Trainer Instructor Operating Station Run by the instructor outside the cockpit No View of Pilot’s Operation – not suitable for assessing multi crew operation

36. Development of Flight Simulators • Early analogue simulators were still setup and run by radio experts from outside the Cockpit, which did have some advantages: • The instructor was free to concentrate on student performance and training. • Simulator experts who had been Radio Officers could mimic every type of ATC accent experienced worldwide, to the standard of the late Sir Peter Ustinov, also giving accurate and practical ATC clearances. These personalities provided realistic ATC radio calls which will almost certainly never again be equalled. Tony Angel ex RN “sparks” and BOAC RO able to issue practical ATC clearances worldwide in “Peter Ustinov” accents Sir Peter Ustinov Unparalleled actor / mimic & fluent in countless languages

37. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) Digital simulators are controlled by the instructor through the IOS to: • Set up airfield, runway and weather • Set up aircraft weight, fuel, configuration – doors etc • Reposition aircraft on the ground and in the air • Fail aircraft systems at appropriate times • Restore systems, restart engines, reposition instantly Making these selections are secondary to the instructor’s prime task • The instructors prime job is to monitor the crew’s performance • Diagnose crew problems and assist where possible • Recognise the difference between minor slips and incurable incompetence • If a “Check Ride” pass (or fail) crew and (not) revalidate licence • Remember the final outcome is safety and the lives of the public

38. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) The IOS controls the simulator through touch screens and push buttons. • The selections should be: • Clear and instinctive • Avoid the instructor being distracted from monitoring the crew

39. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) • Clear Layout and Content of Screens is Essential Where is the selection to push back from the parking stand?

40. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) • Answer on the Services Page

41. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) • Good Description and Position of Pre-Set Buttons also Essential Arrived Too High on Approach. Need to hold aircraft in that position to discuss why. Press HOLD POS button Aircraft rapidly put back on ground, in runway HOLDing POSition! (Should have pressed POS FREEZE below)

42. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) 1999 - Thales, Crawley, A320 Forward Facing IOS Screens in front of Instructor, but head movement requiredto scan both screens. Two A4 writing surfaces on arm rests, with stowages behind.

43. Development of Flight Simulators 3. Instructor Operating Station (IOS) IOS produced by Reflectone (now CAE) based on requirements from Airbus Toulouse instructors On Left : Radio Panel, Movable Writing Table & Stowage On Right : 2 Screens, one above the other, Movable Writing Table & Stowage

44. Dr Ed Cook of the FAA emphasised the need for instructors to sit between the pilots to watch their eyes / body language. Forward facing IOS improved instructors’ vision and access Screens mounted vertically easier to monitor / use On A340-500/600 FFS in 2000, still used in 2013 and beyond Option on current FFS

45. The pilots’ displays on latest aircraft can be selected on the IOS. Essential for Head Up Displays – otherwise unable to be monitored*. *The HUD indications change during an upset to assist recovery Boeing 787 HUD

46. The pilots’ displays on latest aircraft can be selected on the IOS. Airbus A350 Flight Deck example of IOS selecting Nav Display & Electronic Flight Bag / Jeppesen charts

47. Many Screens may make Instructor remote from Students Still need to get between students especially for instruction

48. Aircraft – Used as Simulators NASA B-737 Flying Laboratory – Langley 1980s Flown also from rear cockpit with new electronic displays

49. Development of Flight Simulators 4. Visual Systems Image Generators – Examples 1960-70s TV camera over model boards 1978 Computer Graphics

50. Development of Flight Simulators 4. Visual Systems Image Generators – Modern examples Current image generation quality Large improvements have been due to games software