Global Perspective on Nutrition for Health

1. Global Perspective on Nutrition D Ziebarth, RN, BSN, MSN Chapter 13

2. Malnutrition is considered to be the world’s leading threat to life and health today Can result in: • Decreased mental and physical development • Poor pregnancy outcomes • Decreased work capacity for adults • Increased illness • Premature death • Diseases • Deficiencies in zinc, leading to immune deficiency, growth retardation and diarrhea • Bone loss • Blindness Malnutrition

3. Working on the elimination of: • Famine and related deaths • Starvation and nutritional deficiency diseases caused by natural and man-made disasters • Iodine and vitamin A deficiency Working on the reduction of: • Starvation and widespread hunger • Undernutrition in women, children and the aged • Other micronutrient deficiencies such as iron • Diet-related communicable and noncommunicable diseases • Barriers to breast-feeding • Poor sanitation, hygiene, and unclean drinking water Nutrition for Health Development Department

4. Strategies for implementing these goals include: • Developing new nutritional health policies and programs • Improving household food security • Improving food quality and safety • Preventing and treating infectious diseases • Promoting breast-feeding • Promoting diets with micronutrient supplements • Assessing and monitoring nutritional programs Nutrition for Health Development Department

5. Food security may be defined as steady access to sufficient nutritious foods for an active healthy life • National policies and programs can promote food safety and improve the capacity for: • Monitoring • Assessing • Controlling food quality FOOD SAFETY AND SECURITY

6. Each year 76 million Americans get sick • 300,000 are hospitalized • 5,000 people die from food contamination • Biological • Chemical FOOD SAFETY AND SECURITY

7. Nutritional status depends on both food and nonfood factors • Those living in extreme poverty are 5 times more likely to die before the age of 5 years • Poverty affects nutrition throughout the life span • Causing both infectious and non-communicable diseases • A reduced learning capacity Nutrition and Poverty

8. Nutritional Challenges in Vulnerable Populations • Infants and Children • Each year undernutrition contributes to the deaths of about 5.6 million children less than 5 years of age • Food fortification • Supplementation • Dietary improvements • Safe water is also essential for nutrition Nutrition and Poverty

9. Childbearing Women • Causes of death include: • Iron deficiency anemia • Older Adults • Poverty frequently causes them to: • Consume less than 3 meals per day • Have a lower intake of energy and other nutrients • Have iron deficiency anemia • Have reduced bone density or osteoporosis • Have oral health problems • Often get anorexia of aging Nutrition and Poverty

10. MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES • Iron Deficiency Anemia • Niacin Deficiency (Pellagra) • Folic Acid Deficiency • Vitamin A Deficiency • Vitamin D Deficiency • Iodine Deficiency Disorder • Protein-Energy Malnutrition TYPES OF NUTRTIONAL CHALLENGES

11. WHO assists with projects including: • A manual that provides an explanation of how-to guide for managing nutritional needs • A field guide to determine nutrition requirements • Specific guides for prevention and control • Guides for feeding infants and young children • Training modules for humanitarian aid workers • Guides for caring for the nutritionally vulnerable • Training modules for management of severe malnutrition Nutrition Emergencies

12. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Protects and inspect the food supply • The Department of Agriculture • Protects the meat supply, fish, and unusual species such as snakes, alligators and ostriches Food Safety Organizations

13. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) • International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) • The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) • Poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water Food Safety Organizations

14. Supplying monetary funds • Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) • The International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control Program (IMMpaCT) • Woman, Infants and Children (WIC) • Food and Nutrition Service of the US Department of Agriculture Nutritional Support Programs

15. United States is the world leader in percentage of the population who are obese • The function of fat is to provide: • Cushion • Insulation • Energy storage Obesity

16. Obesity causes numerous problems such as: • Diabetes • Gall bladder disease • Hypertension • Dyslipidemia • Breathlessness • Apnea Obesity

17. Obesity causes numerous problems such as: • Heart disease • Osteoarthritis • Gout • Increased risk for some cancers • Reproductive hormone abnormalities • Impaired fertility • Low back pain • Fetal defects Obesity

18. Body Mass Index (BMI) can be calculated as: • Weight (kg) divided by height (m)2. • A BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24.9 is a healthy weight range • Obesity and overweight are chronic conditions that are caused from energy imbalance Obesity

19. Economic cost of overweight and obesity in the United States • Childhood obesity is also now considered a global epidemic problem • Why are children becoming obese? Obesity