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Chp 12 World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo. killed by 19 yr. old Gavrilo Princip- Serbian member of the Black Hand Black Hand- secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule. 12.0 How the war started?. Gavrilo Princip.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo. killed by 19 yr. old Gavrilo Princip- Serbian member of the Black Hand Black Hand- secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule 12.0 How the war started?
Gavrilo Princip • Member of the Serbian nationalist group, the Black Hand • Assassinated Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand
Causes of WWI • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism
Europe on the brink of war • militarism- military power seen as a symbol of prestige • arms race • build up of weapons. • protect overseas colonies • alliances- agreements among nations to aid each other if attacked. • triple alliance- united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • triple entente- alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain.
System of Alliances Austria-Hungary Allies Serbia Allies Germany Russia Allies France Belgium Blue-Central Powers Green-Allied Powers Pink-Neutral Declared war on
More causes of WWI • imperialism- quest to build empires • created economic rivalries among nations • Britain, Germany, and France • These countries saw themselves as great imperial nations • Nationalism-pride in one's country • German pride in military • Serbian desire to create south Slav state. • Europe's great powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, France
Crisis in the Balkins • Balkins known as: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. • Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia- fought over lands with large Slavic populations • 1908 and 1914 Austria and Serbia would have more conflicts over lands • Austria will crush any Serbian effort to undermine it's authority in the Balkins
War breaks out • The impact of the assassination • Princip was a Serb so Austria-Hungary decided to use the murder as an excuse to punish Serbia • Austria-Hungary declared war on July 28 1914 • Russia, Serbia’s ally promised to back up Serbia • Austria-Hungary's ally Germany saw the Russian action as a threat. Germany declared war on Russia, and then on Russia's ally France.
Fighting begins Germany faced war on two fronts- Russia to the east, France to the west Schlieffen plan- German General defeat France in the west and then head east to fight Russia 12.1 Notes War Breaks Out
Europe Divided • Germany invaded Belgium (neutral). • Great Britain declared war on Germany for attacking Belgium. • Central powers- Germany and Austria-Hungary • Allied powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia
Early Battles (1914) • Western Front- where the fighting is taking place. • Area between France and Belgium • Battle of the Frontiers- Aug. 1914 • heavy losses, German victory • Battle of Tannenberg- Aug. 1914 • Russia attacked Germany from the east • While Germany was fighting France to the west • Russia lost, but distraction helped France • Battle of the Marne Sept. 1914 • allied troops pushed Germany back
Trench warfare begins • Trench warfare (deep ditches, Germans) • Little advances for either side • poor sanitation, rats, rats ate the dead bodies, soldiers ate the rats. • Trench foot-frostbitten, black, lost of toes • Stalemate (no one moving) • No Man’s Land • Barbed wire area, with explosives, dead bodies.
Primary SourceTrench Rats "We must looked out for our bread. The rats have become much more numerous lately because the trenches are no longer in good condition. The rats here are particularly repulsive, they are so fat - the kind we call corpse-rats. They have shocking, evil, naked faces, and it is nauseating to see their long, nude tails." Erich Maria Remarque “While asleep during the night, we were frequently awakened by rats running over us. When this happened too often for my liking, I would lie on my back and wait for a rat to linger on my legs; then violently heave my legs upwards, throwing the rat into the air. Occasionally, I would hear a grunt when the rat landed on a fellow victim.” (R L Venables)
Primary Source Trench Foot “If you have never had trench foot described to you, I will explain. Your feet swell to two to three times their normal size and go completely dead. You can stick a bayonet into them and not feel a thing. If you are lucky enough not to lose your feet and the swelling starts to go down, it is then that the most indescribable agony begins. I have heard men cry and scream with pain and many have had to have their feet and legs amputated. I was one of the lucky ones, but one more day in that trench and it may have been too late.” (Harry Roberts)
12.2 A New Kind of War • Stalemate/Trenches • new weapons to gain an advantage in the new war • Poison Gas- (German and French) • developed to kill or injury enemy • -gas could blow back kill you, gas masks developed on both sides. • Tanks-(British) • used to flatten barbed wire and cross enemy trenches. • Airplanes-(everyone) • used for observing enemy movement, later had bombs and machine guns. • “dogfights”-individual planes battles in the sky • Zeppelins- (Germany )- • large, gas filled airships. • U-boats- (Germany)- • Used to sink British Navy
Primary SourceBritish Capt. Chavasse M.D. Christmas Day was very quiet, hostilities seemed to stop by mutual consent, nobody seemed to have the heart to try to kill or main each other on that day, but as far as I know, there was no fraternizing, that had to be put down. I think it is a great tribute to the very firm though hidden hold Christianity has on every heart, that war has to cease on Christmas Day Every now and then there passes overhead a thunderous shriek, like an express train tearing through a small station. This is followed by a dull roar, these are the real Jack Johnsons on their way to level an ancient city to the ground. I don't know what thunderbolts of wrath were hurled on the cities of the plains, but they could not have been more terrible than those forged by the Hun. We hear them pass all day and we hear them crash and looking over tangled and shell-pocked fields we can see great pillars of smoke and dust rising from the tortured city
Red Baron • German fighter pilot • Albrecht von Richthofen • most successful WWI pilot • Shot down 80 enemy planes • Ace • Shot down 5 enemy planes
War on the Home Front • WWI was a TOTAL WAR which required all of the country’s resources,. • Propaganda- information created to influence people’s opinion, helped maintain public support for the war. • Women took over men’s jobs in the factories making weapons and munitions. • Women also served as nurses to wounded soldiers. • Song OVER THERE
Primary SourceBritish Home front I am busy knitting woolen helmets for the soldiers but of course I have not time to do as much as many people are doing. What I really want to do is to help the families of our school children whose fathers have gone to fight. There are at present five families. One mother has 7 children and there will soon be 8. The eldest child is 9 only. She only gets 1/1 per day and 2’ for each child that does not leave much when rent is paid and all food is dearer. There are many cases like this I want, with my teachers and friends help, to aid them with clothing and food – (a small parcel of groceries a week will be some help and a loaf occasionally). Ms. Ada McGuire, Aug 28th 1914
War Around the World • In 1914, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joins the Central Powers. • Allied Powers attack at the Dardanelles • sea passage that connects the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. • Allied Powers needed to control to get supplies to Russia. • Gallipoli Campaign- April-Dec 1915 • Allied lost 200,000 men • Gave up, Allied Powers defeated
WWI Game • http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/overtop/index_e.shtml
12.3 Russia at War • Russia during WWI • Poor economic conditions • Huge army but unprepared • Factories could not produce enough supplies. • The March Revolution (1917) • Nicholas was leading Russian troops in WWI • Forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate throne • End of Romanov rule (300 years)
Rasputin • Rasputin “Holy Man” • Healed Romanov's son, Alexis. • Hemophilia- • would bleed all the time. • Influenced Czarina Alexandra • believed he was sent from God • Became personal advisor to Alexandra while Nicholas fought WWI • Russian Nobles murder Rasputin • Poisoned, shot, and finally drowned
V.I. Lenin & the Bolsheviks • Bolsheviks- group of Russians wanting to take control of Govt from Nicholas II. • lead by Lenin in 1914. • overthrow provisional govt • Communism-govt owns all means of production • Controls everything • No social classes • Everyone equal • Ended private ownership of land, workers given control of factories and mines. • Adopt the Red flag with hammer & sickle
Russian White Army Allied Powers from WWI would join the White Army, and fight against the Red Army. Also fight against Communism. White Army would try to free the Czar and his family after the Bolsheviks kidnapped them
Russian Civil War • Reds (Bolsheviks) v. Whites (supporter of Nicolas II) • Allied powers of WWI support Whites • Czar, Czarina and their 5 children were kidnapped and killed by the Reds. • Communist had won by 1921
Building the Soviet State • USSR 1922- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Communist party, reigned supreme (army/secret police) • New Economic Policy (NEP) • Allowed small businesses to reopen for private profit, peasants given small plots of land. • Russian Revolution Password Game
