The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (not Martin Luther King Jr.)

2. Starting with a Story pgs. 458-459

3. Background: During the 1500s, reformers risked the anger of Church officials by raising questions about the Roman Church’s authority. To help spread their ideas, the reformers used the new printing technologies that had developed during the 1400s. As you read the following story, imagine that you worked for a printer in those difficult times.

4. Starting with a Story This morning, as you inked the type in the printing press, you saw the master printer examine a freshly printed sheet of paper. It looked like a long list of sentences. When you asked him what it was, he said, “Ninety-five theses.” “What are theses?” you responded. According to the master, theses are just ideas. Apparently, some professor wrote them down because he wanted to discuss them with his students. Simple enough, you thought to yourself. But the other apprentices in the shop seemed to do an awful lot of grumbling about the work. A few seem angry to have anything to do with it. Late in the afternoon, you get the chance to ask them why they’re angry. You are surprised when they tell you that the list being printed is going to get the shop in big trouble. Johann, one of the apprentices, explains that a lot of the theses are about how it isn’t right for the Church to be selling indulgences, or pardons for sins. Johann explains that the pope himself had ordered the sale of indulgences. Everybody knows that the pope is the leader of the Catholic Church. And when you think of it, you don’t know anybody who isn’t a Christian. You wonder what will happen to someone who dares to question the pope’s authority. You feel a wave of fear when you think about how people who have insulted the pope have been excommunicated, or kicked out of the Church. Strangely, not everyone in the shop was afraid. Some of the older apprentices said that they’d seen copies of the same theses made by other shops. Some of them agree that they are tired of the pope’s control over what they do and what they believe. You leave the shop at the end of the day very confused and filled with questions.

5. Page 458 to 459 Printing Challenging Ideas • 1. What is the apprentice’s first reaction to the list of theses? • 2. What is the reaction of the other young apprentices? • 3. What appears to be the purpose of the theses? • 4. How does the reaction of some of the older workers differ from that of the younger apprentices?

6. Page 458 to 459 Printing Challenging IdeasStarting with a Story • He does not consider them to be important or special • in any way. • 1. What is the apprentice’s first reaction to the list of theses? • 2. What is the reaction of the other young apprentices? • 3. What appears to be the purpose of the theses? • 4. How does the reaction of some of the older workers differ from that of the younger apprentices? 2. They are angry and fearful that the shop will get into trouble because of the Theses. 3. To challenge the authority of the Pope. 4. The older workers seem to agree with the theses and think that change in the Church is overdue.

7. Reformation: Terms & Names Define the terms and names. • 1. Great Schism • 2. indulgence • 3. Martin Luther • 4. Protestant • 5. Reformation Pgs 461 to 465

8. Terms & Names Define the terms and names. • 1. Great Schism • 2. indulgence • 3. Martin Luther • 4. Protestant • 5. Reformation • The split in the Catholic Church in 1378. 2. A pardon for sins committed. 3. The man who called for reform and inspired opposition to the Catholic Church. 4. A Christian who broke away from the Catholic Church. 5. The movement of opposition to the Catholic Church.

9. Page 461 to 465 Trouble for the Catholic Church Martin Luther nails the 95 Thesis to Wittenburg Cathedral.

10. 1. From 1378 to 1417 the Catholic Church had two competing centers of authority which created confusion and doubt among Christians. The Great Schism

11. 2. In 1305, the French king had a new pope elected who became Pope Clement V. Pope Clement V

12. 3. Pope Clement moved the Catholic capital from Rome (Italy) to Avignon (France) which resulted in a struggle for control of the Church. Pope’s Palace Avignon Pope’s Palace Rome

13. 4. The move to France by the Pope made people think that the French Kings were controlling the Popes.

14. 5. In 1414, the Holy Roman Emperor held a conference to end the schism and reform the Catholic Church. Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund

15. 6. At the Conference, the Church removed the French pope and asked that the Roman pope resign. Removal of the French Pope Roman Pope resigns

16. 7. Church officials elected Martin V as the new Pope. Pope Martin V

17. Page 461 to 462 • The Great Schism created doubt and confusion • among Christians. • Q1. How did the Great Schism weaken the Church? • Q2. How would kings of other countries view the Pope’s move to France? • Q3. How would you solve the problem of having two popes? 2. They would be upset believing that the pope would favor France. 3.

18. 8. Although the pope tried to reform the Church, there was distrust between Church officials, believers and the Pope. Criticism of the Church

19. 9. During the Middle Ages, the Church angered some people by the ways in which it earned and spent money.

20. 10. In the Renaissance, many popes spent large sums supporting the arts and their own personal pleasure.

21. 11. Many Europeans disliked paying taxes to the church in Rome.

22. 12. The practice of selling Indulgences or forgiveness for sins angered some Europeans who thought the church should not sell indulgences as a way to get into heaven.

23. 13. A English priest and philosopher named John Wycliffe questioned the pope’s right to set taxes and to appoint Church officials without the king’s approval. John Wycliffe

24. 14. Dutch priest Desiderius Eramus urged people to pursue a true Christian faith. 15. Eramus Criticized Church officials for neglecting Christian values and criticized reformers for trying to divide the Church.

25. Page 462 to 463 • People resented paying taxes, especially since the • Church paid no taxes on its own lands. • Q1. How did people feel about paying taxes to Church? Why? • Q2. How did reformers interpret the sale of indulgences? • Q3. What did John Wycliffe question? • Q4. What was Erasmus main complaint? 2. They felt that the Church was allowing people to think that they could buy their way into heaven. 3. The pope’s right to levy taxes and to appoint Church officials without the king’s approval. 4. Eramus Criticized Church officials for neglecting Christian values and criticized reformers for trying to divide the Church.