Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian / Respondent Conditioning)

1. Classical Conditioning(also Pavlovian / Respondent Conditioning)

3. Reflexes • Law of threshold • Law of intensity-magnitude • Law of latency *Note that the relationship is the reflex

4. Basic principles of classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849 - 1936

5. The experiment: Pavlov Video • Before • An unconditional stimulus (US) elicits an unconditional response (UR). Dry food in the dog's mouth elicits salivation • A conditional stimulus (CS) initially elicits an orienting response different from the UR. • During • The CS is paired with the US. • A short CS--US time interval • A relatively long US--US interval • After • The CS elicits a Conditional Response (CR). • The orienting response to the CS has habituated

6. Pavlovian Conditioning • Pavlovian Conditioning Example • Phobias • Advertising

7. PAVLOVIAN PARADIGM unconditional stimulus unconditional response elicits UCR UCS elicits CR CS conditional stimulus conditional response But what does mean?

8. Is the CR the same as the UR? • May differ • Does not follow laws of reflex • Can be opposite in direction

9. CS CS CS CS US US US US Temporal Relations and Conditioning Delay Conditioning Trace Conditioning Simultaneous Conditioning Backward Conditioning

10. BASIC PHENOMENA • ACQUISITION • EXTINCTION • STIMULUS CONTROL

11. Acquisition

12. Pavlov’s Law of Strength • Number of trials rule: The greater the number of CS-US pairings, the stronger the CR. • CS intensity rule: More intense CS's increase the rate of growth of the CR but do not seem to affect its asymptote. • US Intensity rule: More intense US's affect both the rate of growth and the asymptote of the CR. • CS-US interval rule: Longer CS-US intervals yield lower asymptotes of the CR. This rule highlights the importance of contiguity in classical conditioning. • CS-US contingency rule: The asymptote of the CR increases with the correlation between the CS and the US. This rule highlights the importance of contingency in classical conditioning.

13. Extinction

14. Spontaneous Recovery

15. Stimulus Control

16. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for Pavlovian conditioning to occur? • Response Class • Temporal Relations • Contingency

17. Respondent Contingencies • Standard Procedure • P(UCS|CS) = 1 ; P(UCS|~CS) = 0 • Partial Reinforcement • 0 < P(UCS|CS) < 1 ; P(UCS|~CS) = 0 • Random Control • 0 < P(UCS|CS) = P(UCS|~CS) • Inhibitory CS • 0 < P(UCS|CS) < P(UCS|~CS) Pavlovian Conditioning

18. Contingency Table UCS ~UCS #UCSCS = A # CS = A + B P(UCS|CS) = A / (A+B) CS B A+B A ~CS D C+D C A+C B+D N |AD - BC| (A+B)(C+D)(A+C)(B+D)  = Pavlovian Conditioning

19. Contingencies and Staddon’s Data SH ~SH = 20/30 = 2/3 = 10/30 = 1/3 = 10/30 = 1/3 = 20/30 = 2/3 P(S) P(~S) P(SH) P(~SH) 10 20 S 10 012 011 10 ~S 10 0 022 021 30 10 20 Pavlovian Conditioning

20. Staddon’s Data Pavlovian Conditioning

21. Contingencies and Staddon’s Data If S and SH were independent (“random control”): P (SH|S) = P (SH) or P (SH  S) = P (SH) P(S) By definition: P (SH|S) = P (SH  S) = #(SH and S) P(S) #S = 10/20 = 1/2 But: P (SH) = 10/30 = 1/3 So: P (SH|S) ≠ P (SH). Also, P (SH  S) ≠ P (SH) P(S) 10/30 = 1/3 ≠ (1/3)(2/3) = 2/9 Pavlovian Conditioning

22. = X²1df= │011022 – 012021│ • N (011 + 012)(021 + 022)(011 + 021)(012 +022) Recall X² test for independence in contingency table with observed frequencies 0ij rc i=1 j=1  Where the Eij’s are the Expected Frequencies X²1df = (0ij – Eij) ² Eij  For a 2 x 2 Table X²1df = N │011022 – 012021│² (011 + 012)(021 + 022)(011 + 021)(012 +022) Pavlovian Conditioning

23. For a 2 x 2 Table Χ²1df = N │011022 – 012021│² (011 + 012)(021 + 022)(011 + 021)(012 +022) SH ~SH E11 = (011 + 012)(011 + 021) N E12 = (011 + 012)(012 + 022) N E21 = (021 + 022)(011 + 021) N E22 = (021 + 022)(012 + 022) N S 011 + 012 012 011 021 022 021 + 022 ~S N 012 + 022 011 + 021 Pavlovian Conditioning

24. X1² = (13.33 – 10)² + (10 - 6.67)² 13.33 6.67 + (10 – 6.67)² + (3.33 -0)² 6.67 3.33 = 7.486 ≈ 7.5 X².95 = 3.84 1df  = │(10(0) – (10)(10) │= 100 = 0.5 (20)(10)(20)(10) (20)(10) ² = 0.25 = X1² / 30, so X1² = 7.5 as above. S and Shock are not independent • For Staddon’s Data, the table is: 011 = 10 E11 = 13.33 012 = 10 E12 = 6.67 20 022 = 0 E22 = 3.33 021 = 10 E21 = 6.67 10 30 10 20 Pavlovian Conditioning

25. Conditioned Suppression • Conditioned Suppression • Useful in studying acquisition/extinction of conditioned fear • Animal trained to press lever using operant conditioning (usually VI schedule) • CS paired with an aversive US • DV = extent to which CS elicits a freezing (“fear”) response, suppressing lever pressing

26. Behaviour & environment 26

27. Behaviour & environment 27

28. cs S = Rcs Rcs+ Rcs cs cs S = 0.0 S = 0.5 Pavlovian Conditioning

29. P(UCS|CS) = P(UCS|~CS) = P(UCS~CS) = # (UCS~CS) P(~CS) # ~CS [P(CS) > 0] ~CS E UCSCS UCS~CS ~CS = E – CS = Context P(UCS|CS) = 1- P(~UCS|CS) P(UCS|~CS) = 1- P(~UCS|~CS) ~UCS Pavlovian Conditioning