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Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

CHAPTER 12. A New National Identity. Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements Section 3: The Age of Jackson Section 4: Indian Removal Section 5: American Culture. SECTION 1. The Rise of Nationalism. Era of Good Feelings

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Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements

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  1. CHAPTER 12 A New National Identity Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism Section 2: Expansion and Improvements Section 3:The Age of Jackson Section 4:Indian Removal Section 5:American Culture

  2. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Era of Good Feelings Who: James Monroe (Dem. Republican) Did What: Was president during the “Era of Good Feelings.” Signed Rush-Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818 treaty.

  3. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Era of Good Feelings When: 1817Where: United States Why: Era of Good Feelings – Americans were full of National Pride from war. Monroe won reelection in 1820 w/out anybody running against him (Like GW). Rush-Bagot Treaty – Signed over fishing rights conflict with England after War of 1812. Convention of 1818 treaty – Treaty with England that gave us fishing rights off coast of Canada

  4. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Issue of Florida Who: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, President Monroe, Did What: JQA – had talks with Spanish about purchasing Spanish Florida for America. Wrote Adams-Onis Treaty. AJ – Led an army into Spanish Florida to capture and punish a renegade group of Seminole Indians. While in Florida, Jackson took over Spanish military outposts and virtually took over the entire state. President Monroe – heard from Jackson about taking over Florida, but didn’t respond back in time. Gave Spain 2 choices.

  5. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Issue of Florida When: 1819Where: United States, Florida Why: Adams-Onis Treaty – Treaty written by JQA. Gave US Florida, We would pay Spain $5 million and had to give up area that is now Texas. Allowed Spain to Save fact to the world Andrew Jackson – Hated Indians, chased them into Florida and took over Spanish outposts while there. Asked President Monroe if he should fight Spanish, Monroe didn’t respond, so he did it. Enhanced his hero status. President Monroe – Didn’t respond back in time, b/c of time it took to get message and send one back.

  6. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Monroe Doctrine Who: President James Monroe, Simon Bolivar Did What: JM – Issued a proclamation to the world to stay out of the business of the Latin and South American countries business. It stated that the US would protect these nations. SB- “liberator”, led many of the struggles of these Latin & South American Countries.

  7. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism The Monroe Doctrine When: December 2, 1823Where: The Americas Why: Monroe Doctrine – Stated that the US would protect these new democracies and that the European powers (eng, fra, spa, etc…) should stay over in Europe. If they tried to reclaim their colonies, they would have to go through us to do it. This made the US the big dog in this area. We were now a SUPER POWER. The Liberator – Led these struggles to reclaim the lands taken by European countries.

  8. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Question: How did the United States settle its land disputes with Great Britain and Spain?

  9. SECTION 1 The Rise of Nationalism Compromise with Spain Compromise with Great Britain Adams-Onis Treaty Terms: Rush-Bagot Agreement Terms: • Spain gave Florida to the United States. • The United States gave up claims to present-day Texas. • United States took responsibility for up to $5 million of United States citizens’ claims against Spain. • limited naval power on the Great Lakes Convention of 1818 Terms: • gave the United States fishing rights off parts of Newfoundland and Labrador coasts • established a border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel, as far west as the Rockies • agreed to joint occupation of the Pacific Northwest

  10. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Missouri Compromise Who:Henry Clay, Pro-Slavery people, Anti-Slavery people Did What:HC – Great peacemaker, came up with the idea for the Missouri Compromise. This stopped a major regional conflict (various regions of the country – N vs. S). Had 3 parts: 1. Missouri – Slave State. 2. Main would enter as a Free State. 3. Slavery would be prohibited above the 36/30 parallel. PS- 11 slave states vs. 11 free states. Missouri wanted to be added by a slave state. AS - 11 slave states vs. 11 free states. Did not want Missouri to be allowed to be a slave state.

  11. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Missouri Compromise When: 1819 Where: US Congress Why: HC – Wanted to stop regional conflict. If you entered 2 states, then the balance of power would remain same. No issues. PS – argued b/c they had fewer reps. In the H.O.R., they could be blocked by the North. Missouri wanted to be admitted as a slave state. AS – If Missouri were to be admitted as a slave state, that would give slave states power in Senate. This would allow them to do what they wanted. They didn’t want slavery spreading into new territory.

  12. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Internal Improvements Who:Henry Clay Did What:HC – Proposed a strong national economy that would prevent regional conflicts. He proposed a protective tariff. Then the $$ from the tariff could be used to improve the nation internally. This became known as the American System.

  13. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Internal Improvements When: 1815 – 1820’s Where: United States Why: HC – knew a protective tariff would cause Americans to buy domestic goods as opposed to foreign goods. This would create a strong economy. (a protective tariff would make Americans want to buy cheaper American goods. This would benefit the north. With their new found $$, they would purchase the textiles from the south and the south would benefit from the $$. Thus all parts of the Country would help each other and therefore become dependent on each other. This would stop them from fighting.)

  14. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements New Roads & Canals Who:American Government, DeWitt Clinton Did What: AG – tried to improve roads in America. Built the Cumberland road which stretched from West Virginia to Illinois. DC – NY Governor. Built the Erie Canal to help speed up travel from Albany to Buffalo. Cost millions of $$ and took 8 years to complete. Well worth it, as NY became the nations top market for goods. The success of the Erie canal set off a canal boom.

  15. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements New Roads & Canals When: early 1800’s – mid 1800’s Where: United States, NY Why: AG – early American roads were horrible (dirt, gravel, curdory, turnpike) so to make trade easier, new roads were built. This would speed up transportation of goods and ideas from all areas of the country. First of such road was the Cumberland road. Built and paid for by US Government. First of its kind. Water travel was still cheaper and quicker @ this time, but rivers didn’t go everywhere we needed them to, so canals were started. DC – Spent millions of $$ to build Erie canal. Tough project to complete. Took 8 years to complete. First major undertaking of its time. 363 miles of canal were built. 40 ft. wide, and 4 ft deep. Even went over a 500 ft. hill by using a system of locks. The success of the canal making NY a major trade center, set off a boom in the idea of improving America internally. If we did this, then we could benefit $$.

  16. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Election of 1824 Who:John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson Did What: JQA – Secretary of state, ran for president in 1824. Democratic - Republican from the north. Supported higher education. Lost popular vote in election, but with help from Clay, won vote in H.O.R. . Named Clay as his Sec. of State. Did have enough power to push through some of his internal improvements. AJ – Democratic – Republican Senator from Tennessee. Won the popular vote in the election, but didn’t have enough electoral votes to win. Thus went to H.O.R. for tie breaking vote. He lost. Claimed Clay and Adams had made a “Corrupt Bargain.”

  17. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements The Election of 1824 When: 1824 Where: United States Why: JQA – Not very popular with the people. Popularity went down after he named Clay as Sec. of State. Didn’t win popular vote, but won in H.O.R. AJ – Claimed “Corrupt Bargain.” Said Adams promised Clay favors if he helped him win in the House. Clay was later named Sec. of State. His claims weakened the power of President Adams.

  18. SECTION 2 Expansion and Improvements Question: How did improvements in transportation affect the United States?

  19. SECTION 2 Improvements Examples Expansion and Improvements Affect on the United States Roads Cumberland Road turnpikes connected the East coast to the interior United States Canals Erie Canal provided faster and cheaper routes for goods to market Overall results of improvements in transportation Both resulted in connecting regions of the United States.

  20. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jacksonian Democracy Who:Americans (political parties), Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun Did What:Americans – Expanding voting rights meant more Americans than ever could vote. (women couldn’t yet) Began holding nominating conventions: public meeting in which people began to select a political parties representatives for president. This allowed more people to become active in politics. Jackson was famous for letting numerous people be involved with his campaigns, and thus this increase in political activism was called Jacksonian Democracy. AJ – Campaigned against Adams for the entire 4 years Adams was president. Kept pushing the idea of the corrupt bargain. Chose John C. Calhoun to run for VP with him in 1828. B/c Adams was also the Dem. Rep. Jackson and his supporters broke off and formed the Democratic party (same one as today) and the Dem. Repub. Eventually started calling themselves just Republicans. JCC – ran as VP under Jackson.

  21. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Jacksonian Democracy When: 1828 Where: United States Why:Americans – This increase in people getting involved in politics was important to the Election of 1828. Jacksonian Democracy AJ – couldn’t get over being cheated in last election. Wouldn’t be happy until he defeated Adams. JCC – was already important in politics, but now becomes very important as VP.

  22. Andrew Jackson“Old Hickory”

  23. Personality A. Loyal- Wife Rachel and John and Peggy Eaton B. Fierce (violent?)-Charles Dickenson, military C.Stubborn/Persistent-Election of 1828

  24. Election of 1828 • Candidates- Andrew Jackson (Democrat) John Q. Adams (National Republican) • Negative Campaign- Personalities: -Jackson described as a war hero who had been born poor and rose to success through hard work. He portrayed himself as an advocate of the common man. The NR described him as hot tempered, crude, and ill equipped to be president.

  25. Election of 1828 C. Adams was portrayed by the Democrats as the exact opposite of Jackson. He was seen as a Harvard educated snob. He was also described as being out of touch with everyday people.

  26. Accusations • Jackson accuses Adams of 1. Being a “leech.” He says Adams has never had a “real man’s job” b/c he had been in politics his whole life-following in the footsteps of his father (the 2nd president). 2. Being immoral b/c he had brought a pool table into the White House and he swam naked in the Potomac River every morning for his “morning constitutional.”

  27. B. Adams accuses Jackson of: 1. Having a wife who was already married! Unfortunately for Jackson, this was true. Rachel Robards Jackson had been married to a man who beat her. She filed for divorce, but in those days it had to go through the state legislature. So, Jackson and Rachel waited a long time, and then got married-only to find out her divorce papers had NOT gone through. It was sorted out and they were remarried, but JQA brought it out in the election. Rachel became very sick soon after the news broke and died . Jackson maintained that Adams had killed her…

  28. Victory for Jackson

  29. When the election was over, Jackson and his vice president John C. Calhoun had won a record number of popular votes. • His victory was seen as a win for the common man. To show their happiness, Jackson’s supporters threw a party on the White House lawn to celebrate his inauguration. This caused a great deal of damage and concern…

  30. Inauguration Party

  31. Jackson’s Presidency

  32. Four Big Issues • There are four big issues that defined Jackson’s presidency: 1. Tariff of Abomination 2. The Bank Crisis 3. The Nullification Crisis 4. Indian Removal

  33. The Tariff of Abomination • One of the first challenges Jackson faced as president was a growing regional conflict over tariffs. • Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs to protect their new industries from foreign competition (particularly GB). • The South had little industry to protect. Their economy relied on agriculture. High tariffs would anger some of their trading partners, so they wanted a low tariff. • Westerners were divided.

  34. Nullification Crisis • A high tariff was passed in 1828. Southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations (abomination= something hated). • Vice President Calhoun led the opposition of the tariff. He wrote a statement in favor of states’ rights. His statement said that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any federal law they considered unconstitutional. • This dispute became known as the Nullification Crisis. Calhoun continued to argue that states had the right to rebel if they felt their rights had been violated. Daniel Webster disagreed saying, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” • South Carolina (Calhoun’s home state) tested the nullification theory when a new tariff was passed in 1832. The state legislature declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void.

  35. Nullification Crisis E. Jackson was strongly against nullification. Because of their difference, Calhoun resigned as VP. • Jackson said he would send U.S. troops to South Carolina to enforce federal laws. South Carolina officials said they would withdraw from the Union if this happened. • Henry Clay stepped in and proposed a compromise: 1. Congress will lower the tariff over time. 2. The President has the right to use force to enforce a federal law. H. Both sides agreed to the compromise, but neither side trusted the other.

  36. The Bank Crisis • Jackson was opposed to the Second Bank of the U.S. which Congress had founded in 1816. • Many states also opposed the Bank and had taken action against it. • Maryland had passed laws that taxed branches of the national bank. James McCulloch, a cashier of the Bank in Maryland, refused to pay this tax. • The state took him to court and the resulting case, McCulloch vs. Maryland, went all the way to the Supreme Court. • The Court made two important rulings in this case- 1. They supported the Bank’s constitutionality. The elastic clause of the Constitution allowed Congress to establish the Bank. 2. The Court also decided that federal law was superior to state law-an idea that challenged the idea of states’ rights. Therefore, Maryland could not tax or interfere with the Bank.

  37. The Bank Crisis F. Nicholas Biddle, the Bank’s director, decided to make the Bank a presidential issue in 1832. • The Bank’s charter was up in 1836, but Biddle decided to push it up to 1832. • Jackson campaigned against the renewal of the Bank’s charter. He promised he would “kill” any legislation that crossed his desk that would renew the Bank. I. Congress passed the Bank’s charter and Jackson lived up to his promise by vetoing the bill. • Jackson also weakened the Bank’s power by depositing federal funds in state banks (pet banks) instead of the Bank. • These pet banks used the federal funds to offer credit to people wanting to buy land. While this policy promoted expansion, it also led to inflation. • Jackson tried to combat the inflation by ordering Americans to use only gold and silver to buy land, not paper money. This didn’t help the inflation, but it did lower the national debt.

  38. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Van Buren’s Presidency Who:Whig Party, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison Did What:WP - group of people against Jackson formed this political party. Supported the idea of a weak president and a strong congress. Ran 4 candidates against Van Buren. Those 4 split their votes and Van Buren easily won with the support of Jackson. MVB – Won election of 1836 with support of Jackson. Not as well liked as Jackson. Wasn’t seen as a man of the people. Shortly after he took office, country suffered form the Panic of 1837 (mainly caused by Jackson’s policies). In 1840, his reelection was hurt by this depression and he loses to Harrison. WHH - war hero from war of 1812. Ran log cabin campaign. Of the 75% of the nation that voted (compared to 40% of today) it was a close race, but Harrison won in the electoral college by a landslide.

  39. The Panic of 1837

  40. I. Causes A. The government sold millions of acres of land in the West

  41. B. Speculators bought most of the land, to sell at higher prices to others for a profit C. To pay for the land in the first place, speculators borrowed money from banks

  42. In order to loan money to the speculators, banks printed more paper money • The more money that is printed, the less value it has

  43. II. The Panic Begins A. To stop the land speculation, in 1836 Jackson passed a law saying that anyone buying public land had to pay with gold or silver

  44. The speculators needed to cash their paper money in for gold and silver • When the speculators went to the bank, the banks didn’t have enough gold and silver to give everyone their gold and silver • This caused a bank run

  45. III. Results • The bank runs turned into a panic • Banks failed and went out of business • The Panic was made worse because cotton prices went down so Southerners made less money than ever and were not able to pay back their loans • Three years of economic depression followed • President Van Buren, elected in 1836, was blamed for the depression, and did not win re-election

  46. Presidents After Jackson I. Van Buren (Democrat) • Elected in 1836 • Blamed for the Depression following the Panic of 1837 • Only served one term

  47. II. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • Elected in 1840 • Died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office

  48. III. John Tyler (Democrat turned Whig) • Came to office when Harrison died • Changed to Whigs after office. Both parties didn’t trust him

  49. Tyler disagreed with most of the Whig policies, so not much was accomplished during his presidency • Tyler was eventually kicked out of the Whig party

  50. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson Van Buren’s Presidency When: 1836 - 1840 Where: United States Why:WP – Called Jackson “King Andrew”. They wanted a president that ran the govt. Not ran over the govt. MVB – was seen as a rich man. Not as well liked as Jackson. Took the blame for policies that Jackson started. WHH - ran Jackson like campaign against MVB. Used Log Cabin reference to get people to vote for him. He and John Tyler won a close popular vote, but won with a landslide in the electoral college.

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