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Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 2

Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 2. 1. Scoring Your Questionnaire: BFT. In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 5 scores. Score 1: Sum items 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 Score 2: Sum items 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 Score 3: Sum items 3, 8, 13, 18, 23

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Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 2

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  1. Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 2 1 Psychology 305

  2. Scoring Your Questionnaire: BFT In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 5 scores. Score 1: Sum items 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 Score 2: Sum items 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 Score 3: Sum items 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 Score 4: Sum items 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 Score 5: Sum items 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 2

  3. Announcements 1. Join us for a PsychologyLearning Smackdown on Arts Co-op, Arts Internship, Arts Tri-Mentoring, Community-Based Experiential Learning, and Go Global. At the session you will learn about each of these programs, the types of work and experiences you can expect, and more! When: September 20th, 5:00-6:30PM Where: Room 261, IBLC (Irving K. Barber Learning Centre)

  4. What’s important in my career and my life? • Start with Arts Co-op! • Explore career goals and interests • Gain 12-16 months of paid experience before graduation • Build a professional network Application Deadline: Wednesday, September 26 @ 4pm www.artscoop.ubc.ca

  5. 2. The Psychology Department’s Undergraduate Journal Club is looking for motivated students to participate in meetings every third week to discuss research articles published by our faculty members. The group will be limited to 30 students, with two faculty advisors. Certificates will be given to students upon completion of the program. Meetings will be held on Wednesdays,3:30-4:30 PM. Application due date: Friday, September 21st. Meeting dates and application form available through the Psychology Department homepage, see “News.”

  6. Research Methods • 1. How is research used to test theories? (continued) • 2. How is personality measured? • 3. How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? 6

  7. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. interpret the coefficient of determination. 2. describe the goals and procedures associated with case studies. 3. apply research methods to distinct hypotheses. 7

  8. 4. assess your scores on the RSE. 5. distinguish between internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability. 8

  9. How is research used to test theories? (continued) 2. Correlational studies (continued)  Correlations are typically measured by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r): • Magnitude of r: strength of linear relationship between variables. Sign of r (+ vs. -): direction of linear relationship between variables.

  10. Positive Linear Relationship •      •          r = +.83 Height Weight 10

  11. Negative Linear Relationship •              r = -.77 Criminal Activity Education Level 11

  12. 3. Case studies  Designed to generate theory, illustrate theory, or examine rare phenomena through in-depth analysis of one person.  Examples: Ted Bundy, Adolf Hitler, paranoid personality disorder. 12

  13. Ted Bundy, 1946 - 1989 13

  14. Exercise: Application of Research Methods Construct: Happiness. Possible operationalizations: • Measure of life satisfaction. • Measure assessing the frequency and intensity with which participants experience positive emotions (e.g., joy, contentment, excitement). • Number of times participants smile. 14

  15. Hypothesis Ideal Research Method People experience happiness when they have successfully influenced others’ opinions. Experimental study.

  16. A Simple Experiment Group A Posttest Treatment A Participants Random Assignment Posttest Group B Treatment B 16

  17. Hypothesis Ideal Research Method People experience happiness when they have successfully influenced others’ opinions. Experimental study. People who report extraordinarily high levels of happiness exhibit a unique constellation of personality characteristics. Case study. People who experience high levels of happiness tend to be more optimistic. Correlational study. 17

  18. How is personality measured? • Personality is measured using: • observer ratings (e.g., interviews, behavioural observations). • implicit assessments (e.g., Rorschach Ink Blot Test, Picture Story Exercise). • self-reports (most common; e.g., questionnaires).

  19. Implicit Assessment: Rorschach Ink Blot Test 19

  20. Self-Report: RSE • Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement. • 1 2 3 4 5 • Strongly Neutral Strongly • disagree agree • 1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………….. 1 2 • I feel that I have a number of good qualities …….. 1 2 • All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure …. 1 2 • I am able to do things as well as most people …… 1 2 20

  21. RSE: Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. • Measures global feelings of self-worth. • Score by reversing “negatively-keyed” items and summing responses to 10 items. • Mean score for university undergraduates: 38, SD = 6.2. • Females tend to score slightly lower than males. 21

  22. How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? • In order to accurately assess a given personality characteristic, the measure that is used must be reliable and valid. • Reliability  Refers to the consistency with which a measure assesses a given construct across repeated measurements. 22

  23.  Reliability is assessed in three ways. 1. Internal consistency: • Relevant for multi-item measures (e.g., questionnaires). • Reflects the degree to which the items that comprise the measure produce similar responses (i.e., tap the same underlying construct). 23

  24. Self-Report: RSE • Using the scale below, please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements. Circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement. • 1 2 3 4 5 • Strongly Neutral Strongly • disagree agree • 1. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others …………………………….. 1 2 • I feel that I have a number of good qualities …….. 1 2 • All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure …. 1 2 • I am able to do things as well as most people …… 1 2 24

  25. 2. Inter-rater reliability: • Relevant when observe ratings are obtained from two or more observers. 25

  26. Reflects the degree to which the scores provided by different observers are consistent with one another (i.e., the degree to which there is consensus among the observers). • Involves calculating the correlation between the scores provided by different observers. 26

  27. 3. Test-retest reliability: • Relevant for all types of measures. • Reflects the degree to which participants’ scores on the measure at time 1 are consistent with their scores on the measure at time 2. • Involves calculating the correlation between participants’ scores on successive test administrations (i.e., their scores at time 1 and their scores at time 2). 27

  28. Research Methods • 1. How is research used to test theories? (continued) • 2. How is personality measured? • 3. How are the reliability and validity of personality measures assessed? 28

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