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PERSONALITY THEORIES

PERSONALITY THEORIES. Personality Theories. BEHAVIORISTS (Skinner) PSYCHOANALYTIC (Freud, Neo-Freudians, Psychodynamic) SOCIAL COGNITIVE (Bandura, Mischel, Seligman) HUMANISTIC (Rogers, Maslow) BIOLOGICAL (Eysenck) TRIAT (Allport, Catrell, Sheldon). Skinner.

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PERSONALITY THEORIES

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  1. PERSONALITY THEORIES

  2. Personality Theories • BEHAVIORISTS (Skinner) • PSYCHOANALYTIC (Freud, Neo-Freudians, Psychodynamic) • SOCIAL COGNITIVE (Bandura, Mischel, Seligman) • HUMANISTIC (Rogers, Maslow) • BIOLOGICAL (Eysenck) • TRIAT (Allport, Catrell, Sheldon)

  3. Skinner • Argued for determinism--behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli. • Free will is but an illusion…”There is no place in the scientific position for a self as a true originator or initiator of action.” • Collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations.

  4. Social Cognitive Theories • Applies principles of learning, thinking and social influences • Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)…idea that internal mental events, external environmental events and overt behavior all influence one another. Your environment determines your behavior & your behavior can change your environment.

  5. Behavior Environment Beliefs

  6. Bandura continued… *Observational Learning… Bobo doll experiment *Often considered the father of the cognitive movement

  7. Walter Mischel • Colleague of Bandura at Stanford (now at Columbia) • Extent to which situational factors govern behavior…controversy over the consistency of human behavior • Emphasizes and highlights situational determinants of behavior

  8. Martin Seligman Julian Rotter • Learned Helplessness • Optimism • Julian Rotter--Locus of control (internal and external)

  9. Humanists (Phenomenological) • Humans are essentially good • Motivated toward self-actualization • Maslow--Hierarchy of Needs • Carl Rogers…Unconditional Positive Regard…Self • Holism (considers whole person like Gestalt • Phenomenological--everyone’s individual frame of reference/point of view

  10. Biological • Hans Eysenck--personality structure as a hierachy of traits • Three high order traits (Extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism)

  11. Trait Theorists • Gordon Allport-- • Personal traits (dispositions)--concrete, easily recognized,consistencies in our behavior • Common traits (culturally)--liberal/conservative • Central traits (building blocks)--5 to 10

  12. Allport (continued) • Secondary traits(preferences, attitudes) • Cardinal traits (define life)…Mother Theresa--religious service • Allport was so right about so many things that his ideas have simply passed on into the spirit of the times. Influenced many others. • Humanist????

  13. Other Trait Theorists... • Sheldon--Body types (endomorph, ectomorph and mesomorph) • Big Five Personality Factors (Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) • Cattell--16 traits

  14. Sheldon • Ectomorph - EndodermThis is known to develop into the digestive tact which consists of the intestine, stomach. Heart lungs etc. this somatotype is also the innermost layer of the embryo. The personality traits associated with the endoderm body type is tolerance, love, comfort. In a word all the emotions that have to deal with a great deal of affection. The body type is considered to be fat and can easily be overweight. The love for people and the intimate relationship with food is also another trait of this personality. • Mesomorph - MesodermThis is the middle layer which in turn develops into the muscle, blood vessels, bone etc. In terms of body shape with this type of somatotype, Sheldon concluded that the physic of this body is all about muscle. These are well defined muscle tones. In terms of personality this relates to very energetic, courageous, active, aggressive, etc. all this can be seen as the personality of the Alpha male. • Endomorph - EctodermThis is naturally the last layer. It has its association or develops are that it forms the nervous system, skin and hair. These are people that are considered to be underweight because they are so slim. They are often the intelligent nerds and their personality traits are that highly self-aware therefore they are also very sensitive with an air of an artistic nature to them. In a way they are society’s introverts because of their shy and timid nature.

  15. Objective Tests MMPI Myers-Briggs Keirsey-Bates www.allhealth.com Http://keirsey.com Projective tests Rorschach TAT (Murray) Personality tests

  16. General Personality Information

  17. Issues in Personality Theories

  18. Issues in Personality Theories

  19. Psychosexual Stages of Development

  20. Stages of Development • Freud believed that personality is formed during childhood. • Our past childhood experiences are powerful influences on our present personalities

  21. The stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital) represent patterns of gratifying our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure • Insufficient or excess gratification during any stage could cause a person to reflect the stage throughout life.

  22. Stages

  23. Stage Issues • During the Phallic Stage, The Oedipus complex occurs due to boys feelings of guilt for love of mother and fear of castration. • During Oral Stage, deprivation or overindulgence may result in adult oral fixations or have dependence issues

  24. If Anal Stage is not resolved, may result in an anal expulsive (messy, unorganized) or anal retentive (controlled compulsively neat) personality

  25. Elements of Personality

  26. Super Ego Ego Id THE ICEBERG CORRELATION Id - Pleasure Principle Ego - Reality Principle Super Ego - Moral Principle

  27. Elements of the Personality ID • Unconcious energy • Basic drives • Immediate gratification • Pleasure Principle • Instinctual/biological • Libidinal Energy

  28. Elements of the Personality EGO • Partially conscious • Cope with real world • Gratifies ID in realistic ways • Reality Principle • Logical/Rational • Struggles to reconcile ID & Superego

  29. Elements of the Personality SUPEREGO • Partially conscious • Ideal behavior • Moral Principle • Conscience

  30. Unconscious below the surface (thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories) THE ICEBERG CORRELATION “the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden” Conscious Awareness small part above surface (Preconscious) Repression banishing unacceptable thoughts & passions to unconscious Dreams & Slips

  31. The work we choose The beliefs we hold Daily habits Troubling symptoms Jokes Dreams Slips of the tongue Accidents Expressions of the Unconscious

  32. Psychoanalysis and Freud

  33. Freud’s Psychoanalytical • Discovered the unconscious • Used hypnosis and then free association to unlock the unconscious • Three levels of the mind: unconscious, preconscious, and conscious. • Freud believed we are most influenced by our unconscious. • Personality results from our efforts to resolve conflict between pleasure seeking impulses and internalized social restraints.

  34. Psychoanalytic Personality Tests Goal – to tap into the unconscious. Projective Tests – user tells a story or gives a description based on an ambiguous stimulus. Examples: • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – share inner feelings through stories made up about ambiguous scenes. • Rorschach inkblot – descriptions of inkblots reflect inner feelings and conflicts. Criticisms: • Reliability? – NO • Validity? – NO • No universal scoring system or training system

  35. Neo - Freudians

  36. Neo - Freudians Accepted Freud’s basic ideas: • Id, ego, superego. • Importance of conscious. • Shaping of personality during childhood. • Dynamics of anxiety & defense mechanisms. Differences: • More emphasis on conscious. • Less emphasis on sexual motivations. • More emphasis on noble motives & social interactions.

  37. Neo - Freudians Horney: • Dependent child’s sense of helplessness creates anxiety • Triggers desire for love & security • Criticized Freud’s gender bias

  38. Neo - Freudians Alder: • Childhood social conflicts influence personality development • Inferiority complex

  39. Neo - Freudians Jung: • More emphasis on unconscious than other neo Freudians • Unconscious contains more than just negative, but unrealized talents, gifts, creativities & passions. • Believed in a Collective Unconscious – Part of unconscious shared by all. Archetypes, the building blocks of the soul which are inherited and shared by all, live here.

  40. Humanistic Perspective • Positive Approach • Sense of Self = center of personality • Goal = foster personal growth • Emphasis = human potential • Self concept shapes personality

  41. Maslow The self actualized person • Self aware & self accepting • Open & spontaneous • Loving & caring • Secure • Creates deep relationships • Is moved by personal peak experiences • Has the courage to be unpopular

  42. Carl Rogers A growth promoting climate: • Genuineness – openness • Acceptance – unconditional positive regard • Empathy – sharing our feelings and reflecting our meanings Positive self concept occurs when IDEAL self = ACTUAL self

  43. Self-Esteem People with higher self-esteem typically: • have < sleepless nights • < likely to conform under pressure or use drugs • more persistent at difficult tasks • <shy & lonely

  44. Criticisms of Humanistic Approach • Concepts vague and subjective • Individualism can lead to self indulgence, selfishness, arrogance & pride. • Ignores our human capacity for evil.

  45. Social Cognitive Perspective • Applies principles of learning, thinking & social influence • Emphasizes importance of external events and how we interpret them. • Emphasizes our sense of personal control

  46. Reciprocal Determinism Bandura = process of interacting with our environment 1. Different people choose different environments 2. Different people interpret & react differently to situations & events. 3. Our personalities create situations to which we react. Ex – self fulfilling prophesy, expectations.

  47. Who controls your world? • Do you see yourself as controlling of, or controlled by your environment? • External locus of control – perception that outside factors determine one’s fate. • Internal locus of control – perception that one has more control over own fate. Typically these people achieve more in schools, act more independently, are less depressed, in better health and cope with stress better.

  48. Learned Helplessness • Those who feel helpless & oppressed often view control as external. • When traumatic events occur and people feel as if they have no control, they often learn helplessness, which can generalize to other situations.

  49. Criticism • Too much focus on situations, not enough focus on person’s inner traits • SCs argue that our traits & emotions shine through in our reactions & responses.

  50. Trait Perspective Describes Personality based on: • Characteristic Behaviors • Conscious Motives • Describes, doesn’t explain • Basically a classification system

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