Understanding Wars of Religion and Exploration: Key Historical Events and Figures

1. Announcements • Sign up for talent show • Zambia • Stations of the Cross • Exam I: Tomorrow • Worksheet Due! • Exam: 20 MC (3pts) 6 SA (5 pts) 1 Essay (10 pts)

2. Chapter 14 Wars of Religion

3. Phillip II (Spain) • Devout Catholic (hours in prayer, freq. confessions, etc.) • Sought to root our heresy • End Rebellion (Moriscos) • good central government

4. Phillip II Religious Reforms • Council of Trent • Low Countries were split up into more dioceses (power given to Bishops and pope)

5. Phillip II • Reign led to the division of the Low/High countries of Spain • Discontent (Low Countries) expressed through violence

6. Guise • Ardent Catholic faction • Led by Dukes and Cardinals of Lorraine • Had distant claim to the French Throne

7. Huguenots • Led by Prince of Conde/Admiral de Coligny • Undermine authority of the Guise • Fought for local liberties in religious worship • Opposed Spanish influence in France • Hoped to convince the kings of France to support Protestants (Low Countries) against Phillip II

8. Politique • No strong religious ties • To keep own power played Catholics and Protestants against each other

9. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Catherine de Medici • Fearing influence of Admiral Coligny, she wanted him dead • Began the rumor that the Protestant’s were planning a insurrection during the wedding • Catholics took to the streets killing Protestants • The Admiral was killed • The fighting spread, civil war reignited

10. Edict of Nantes • Passed by King Henry IV (French Catholic King) • Allowed every noble (landowner) the right to hold Protestant services in their home • Allowed Protestantism where the majority of the population was Protestant • Promised Protestants civil rights, chances for public office, admittance into Catholic universities

11. John Knox • Founded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland • Encouraged violence against Catholics • Preaching and writings inspired iconoclastic attacks

12. The First Covenant • Adopted by Scottish Lords • Destroy the Catholic Church • Adopted a Calvinistic profession of faith • Rejected power of the pope

13. Mary StuartQueen of Scouts • Tried to save the Catholic Church • Unrest forced her to give up her reign • Accused of plotting against Queen Elizabeth

14. Persecution in England • Catholics are traitors and disloyal to the English crown • Catholics refused to give up their faith • Practice of the Faith is a treasonable offense (Elizabeth)

15. Cardinal William Allen • Founded a seminary in the Spanish Netherlands • To keep the Catholic faith alive in England • Sent missionaries back to England

16. St. Edmond Campion • Martyr • Leader of the Anglican Church • Took Oath of Supremacy • Left to study at Cardinal Allen’s seminary • Joined the Society of Jesus • Convicted of treason • Executed in public

17. Chapter 15 Exploration and Missionary Movements

18. Opening the Atlantic Part I

19. God desires the Salvation of everyone.

20. New Routes to India • The Italian City states dominated trade • Trade with the east became expensive

21. Henry the Navigator • Brother of the King of Portugal • Advanced technical innovations • Opened a school for navigation • School developed the caravel • By end of fifteenth century, men from the school were sailing further and further

22. Christopher Columbus • Supported by Queen Isabella • Spanish ready to show the world that they were the “greatest” empire • Ptolemy and Marco Polo influenced Columbus

23. Columbus • Underestimated the size of the earth by nearly seven thousand miles • Found the Bahamas. • He returned to a hero’s welcome • Made the governor of all lands in the West • Made three more trips • Died insisting that he found the passage to Asia

24. Columbus the Catholic

25. Social Consequences • Columbian Exchange: new goods increased the availability of food for the common laborer • Local guild monopolies destroyed • National Economies created • Middle class replaced with merchants

26. Social Consequences • Mercantilism: limit imports and increase exports • Increase gold imports resulted in inflation • Falling labor supply resulted in use of slavery

27. Missionary Apostolate Part II

28. Obstacles • Travel distance • Climate • Language • Acceptance by Natives • Poor example that settlers left behind

29. The Spanish & The Natives • Monarch passed legislation to protect the natives • Prohibited enslavement of local peoples • Natives granted Spanish citizenship • Colonists intermarried with natives

30. Fr. Bartolomew de lasCasas • First priest ORDAINED in New World • Chaplain during Columbus’ conquest of Cuba • Received land with Cuban slaves (encomienda)(later renounced) • Asked for African slaves (recounted) • Requested the passing of the Laws of Burgos

31. St. Francis Xavier • Went to India to aid struggling missions/ Thomasian Christians • Founded the Jesuits • Worked to remedy immoral behavior of settlers • Traveled to Japan • Assimilated himself into the Japanese culture • Translated the articles of faith into Japanese

32. Japan • Feudal structure tied the Japanese priests (bonzes) to political system • St. Francis/missionaries seen as a danger to traditional authority

33. China • Did not allow foreigners (St. Francis smuggled) • Culture emphasized family worship/philosophical principals of truth and justice

34. India • Missionaries had to work hard to win acceptance • Adapted to customs and cultures o • Missionaries changed the practice of Christianity to fit Indian culture

35. Robert de Nobili • Inculturation • Christianity presented to each caste differently • Mastered Hindi, Sanskrit, studied the Brahmin caste • “Christian Brahmin” – followed the Brahmins’ traditions • Caste system criticized by West

36. Inculturation • The adaptation of the way Church teachings are presented to non-Christian cultures • The influence of those cultures to the evolution of these teachings • The ongoing dialogue between faith and culture (Pope John PAUL II)

37. Mateo Ricci • Blended cultures of the east ad west together • Dressed as a Mandarin Scholar • Example of charity and patience won over the Chinese • Summoned by emperor (friend) • Developed Chinese liturgical rite that used the Chinese language

38. Ricci: The True Doctrine of God • The little catechism of Chao-k'ing • Successfully counters the Chinese belief of the transmigration of the soul and the worship of idols • Added numerous proofs from the ancient Chinese books

39. The Philippines • The MOST successful missionary movement • Efforts gave rise to a higher standard of living • Missionary achievements is seen today through the deep devotion that the Filipinos have towards God/ the Church

40. Africa • LEAST amount of results • Disease • Muslims • Reprisals over the slave trade • Jealous pagan priests

41. The New World Part III

42. Pizarro and the Incas • Captured the leader, (Athauallpa) after tricking him to attend a dinner • Incan leader offered a room of gold for his own ransom • The Incan ruler was tried and executed for the slaughtering of the Quito Indians

43. Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs • The Aztecs were warrior people • Ethnic minority that enslaved most of the natives • Aztecs held the population in fear (human sacrifice)

44. Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs • Cortez was originally thought to have been the warrior god • Easily took the city • Men attacked Aztec priests/ lost control • Reorganized his forces and captured the capital • Began missionary work

45. Hernando Cortez • First action as conqueror : place the region under the Spanish crown and demolish the temples of sacrifice • Built Catholic churches in their place (on temple sites)

46. Bishop Juan Zumarraga • First Bishop of Mexico City and Protector of the Indians • Est. the first grammar school, library, printing press, and the first college • Objected to the ruthless treatment of the Indians

47. Reaction to the Bishop • Applied strict censorship • Forbade Indians /Spaniards from bringing complaints to the Bishop • The Bishop countered with stern sermons (military force, torture, and the imprisonment of Indians) • The Bishop was later arrested by Guzman

48. The Native’s Reaction…. • The fighting between the Bishop and Guzman left the natives with a “sour taste in their mouths” • It appeared Christianity would forever be rejected….

49. Our Lady of Guadalupe • A spectacular intervention of Mary that would remedy the apprehensive interest in Christianity

50. Our Lady of Guadalupe • The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was (and still is) a message to all the people of Americas • Mary appears greater than the sun, moon, stars, and all the pagan deities • Yet…she was bowing in submission