The Tide of War Turns

1. The Tide of War Turns Chapter 16, Section 5

2. Fredericksburg • The Union tries to divide the Confederates at Fredericksburg, but the attempt fails • Strategy: attack Richmond by way of Fredericksburg • Burnside caught Lee by surprise but delays left Lee enough time to organize and entrench Confederate forces • Union loss – high casualties • http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-fredericksburg

3. Chancellorsville • http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-chancellorsville

4. Battle of Gettysburg 1863 • Largest and bloodiest battle of the Civil War • More than 51,000 were killed, wounded, captured or went missing in three days • Key Union victory: stopped Lee’s plan of invading the North

5. Gettysburg: Day 1 • Lee’s forces were gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1, 1863 • Ran into Union forces under General George G. Meade, beginning the battle of Gettysburg • Union took up defensive positions

6. The Battle of Gettysburg begins: On the morning of July 1, 1863, Confederate troops ran into Union horsemen on the Chambersburg Pike, northwest of town. Each side sent for help. The rebels got there first, and by afternoon had driven the Federals south of town, where they rallied into defensive positions on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill.

7. Gettysburg: Day 2 • Lee ordered an attack on Union troops on Little Round Top • Both sides fought viciously for control • Union forces held off the Confederates

8. The Battle of Gettysburg, the second day: By the morning of July 2, 1863, 150,000 Union and Confederate troops had converged on the little Pennsylvania town. The southerners occupied a line west of the Emmittsburg Road, along the Seminary Ridge. The northern men waited along Cemetery Ridge - a slightly more elevated crest that ran south toward two hills, Big and Little Round Top. Lee's plan called for an assault on the left, or southernmost, end of the Union line.

9. Gettysburg: Day 3 • Lee planned attack on the center of the Union line • General George Pickett led 15,000 men in Pickett’s Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery Ridge • Lee began planning retreat to Virginia

10. http://youtu.be/jsszvmuZBR4

11. Gettysburg: Turning Point • Lee would never again attack in the North • Some 23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate casualties • Victory came the day before the Union capture of Vicksburg • Britain and France refused to aid the South after Gettysburg

12. Aftermath of Gettysburg • Lincoln gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery • He praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed commitment to winning the war. • http://youtu.be/EN-M-ZhX9mE • http://youtu.be/BvA0J_2ZpIQ

13. 1864: Union campaigns in the East and South deal crippling blows to the Confederacy • Lincoln gives Grant command of the Union army • Grant forces Lee to fight a series of battles in Virginia that stretched Confederate soldiers and supplies to the limit

14. Wilderness Campaign • Series of battles designed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia in 1864 • Grant keeps moving toward Richmond but suffers huge casualties • Failure to capture Richmond by the election of 1864 distresses Lincoln

15. Sherman Strikes South • Lincoln is up for re-election: needs a Union victory • Grant sends William Tecumseh Sherman on a campaign to destroy the South’s railroads and industries and provide Lincoln his victory

16. Sherman • Sherman’s 100,000 troops march south from Tennessee in spring of 1864 to capture Atlanta, Georgia, in September, and Savannah in December • Sherman practiced “Total War”, destroying civilian and economic resources, in the hope of ruining the South’s economy and ending its ability to fight. • Goal: to speed the end of the war • http://youtu.be/x9cxXnzBeaQ

18. The End of the War • Grant broke through Confederate defenses at Petersburg, Virginia, and Lee retreated to Richmond on April 2, 1865 • Grant surrounded Lee’s army • Lee surrendered to Grant at the small town of Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865 • At the surrender ceremonies, about 28,000 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms.

19. Ulysses S. Grant sat at the simple wooden table on the right, while Robert E. Lee sat at the more ornate marble-topped table on the left.

20. Effects of the War • 620,000 Americans died • The South’s defeat ended slavery • Majority of former slaves had no homes or jobs • Southern economy was in ruins • Tremendous amount of hostility remained • Many questioned how the United States could be united again