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Physical Properties

Physical Properties. Due to the polar nature of water Hydrogen bond- weak attraction between hydrogen on adjacent molecules such as water. H H O. H H O. Hydrogen bond. Water and it’s importance to Life. Life evolved in water

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Physical Properties

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  1. Physical Properties • Due to the polar nature of water • Hydrogen bond- weak attraction between hydrogen on adjacent molecules such as water H H O H H O Hydrogen bond

  2. Water and it’s importance to Life • Life evolved in water • Water’s unique properties have made life as we know it possible

  3. Physical Properties • Heat of vaporization- amount of energy that is released or gained when changing state from liquid to gas or back

  4. Physical Properties • High Specific Heat- the amount of heat absorbed or released when water changes temperature by one degree C. ( 1 cal. )

  5. Ice Floats • As a liquid water’s hydrogen bonds continuously break and reform • As a solid four molecules form hydrogen bonds creating crystals with open channels and thus fewer molecules per area.

  6. Physical Properties • Water reaches maximum density at 4 degrees C. • Water is a universal solvent due to it’s polar nature

  7. Evaluate the importance of the following and explain the property of water responsible. • Cytoplasm is 98 % water • Ice Floats • Lake effect temperature moderation • Evaporative Cooling • Spring-Fall Overturn

  8. Most Abundant Chemicals in Life • Carbon • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg > 4 % 96 %

  9. Carbon is special • Tetrahedral structure- four valence electrons shared • Covalent bonds - stability

  10. Carbon is Special • Variations are possible in carbon molecules that provide diversity • Isomers are possible structural- differ in structure same chemical formula geometric-differ in spatial relationship enantiomers-mirror images of eachother

  11. Condensation Synthesis A B A B + H2O + A and B could be monosaccharides or amino acids

  12. Hydrolysis + + H2O Addition of water breaks the bond

  13. Polymers Polymers are repeating units of monomers. They are very important to Biology. They are made or synthesized by the removal of water called CONDENSATION SYNTHESIS They are broken down by the addition of water or HYDROLYSIS

  14. Classes of Biomolecules • Carbohydrates- used for energy and structures( building living organisms) • Lipids- used for energy storage, communication and structures • Proteins- used for a variety of life functions • Nucleic Acids-the instructions for building life

  15. Carbohydrates • Three common forms • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  16. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- single sugars or simple sugars,ex. Glucose ( C6H12O6) • Disaccharides- double sugar, ex. Sucrose • Polysaccharides- polymers of glucose such as: 1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Glycogen 4. Chitin

  17. Review • What will happen here? AOH + HB = ? And here: CH2OH CH2OH O O OH OH H OH OH H OH OH OH H2O OH

  18. Dehydration Synthesisor a Condensation Reaction A + B = AB + H2O CH2OH CH2OH O O OH O OH OH OH H2O OH OH

  19. Review • What will happen here? AB + H2O = ? And here: CH2OH CH2OH H2O O O OH O OH OH OH OH OH

  20. Hydrolysis or Reaction AB + H2O = AOH + HB Molecules have been HYDROLIZED! CH2OH CH2OH O O OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH

  21. Glucose CH2OH Glucose has a chemical formula of C6H12O6 C O H OH OH C C H OH H H C C H OH

  22. FRUCTOSE O CH2OH CH2OH C C H H HO H C C OH OH

  23. Disaccharides • Sucrose and Lactose • 2 monosaccharides bonded together Alpha or Beta? CH2OH CH2OH O O O OH OH OH OH OH OH

  24. Polysaccharides • 3 or more Monosaccharides bonded together CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O OH O O OH OH OH O OH OH OH OH

  25. Polysaccharide • Starch-storage in plants • Cellulose-structural part of plant cell wall • Glycogen- storage in animals, liver • Chitin – structural component for arthropods, exoskeleton. Also found in fungi.

  26. Polysaccharides – Starch • Plants use it as energy storage • Difficult for humans to break down • Ex. Avoid a high starch diet

  27. polysaccharides Glucose monomers

  28. Polysaccharides – Cellulose(B 1, 4 linkage) • Long fibers • Up to 15,000 Glucose units per strand • Most abundant biological substance on earth • Ex. Cotton, Trees, Paper • Why is cellulose so strong? • Why can’t humans breakdown cellulose and cows can?

  29. Polysaccharides – Glycogen • Animals use it as energy storage • Lots and lots of it in the liver • Forms huge branched storage units which allow for easy break down for energy

  30. Other polysaccharides • Chitin • Found in the exoskeleton of insects, and arthropods • Ex. Crabs, lobsters, grasshoppers • Pectin • Found in plant cell walls • Provides rigidity • Heteropolymers • Glycoproteins and peptidoglycans

  31. Protein Polymers of amino acids With 20 natural amino acids there are a variety of proteins

  32. Amino AcidsThe building blocks of protein H O H N -C - C H OH R R- there are twenty different R groups possible

  33. Alanine NH2-CH-COOH Glycine NH2-CH2-COOH CH3

  34. Peptide bond- is a bond between amino acids a molecule of water is removed

  35. Protein Structure 1. Primary- order of the amino acids 2. Secondary- hydrogen bonds cause pleats and helix 3. Tertiary- folds and loops create shape by R Group bonds 4. Quaternary-interaction of several proteins

  36. A protein with secondary structure

  37. A protein with Tertiary Structure

  38. Lipids • Large molecules that do NOT have an affinity for water; not soluble in. • May have hydrophobic-water fearing and hydrophilic-water loving parts.

  39. Triglycerides hydrophilic hydrophobic

  40. Types of Lipids • Made of hydrocarbons - • Triglycerides- fats, waxes, and oils(saturated all single bonds C-C, unsaturated have double C=C bonds • Phospholipids- attached phosphate replaces one of the hydrocarbon tails • Steroids- Ring Forms of Hydrocarbons cholesterol and some hormones

  41. Triglycerides • Saturated fats- single bonds make this a solid at room temperature and more difficult to digest.

  42. Unsatured Fats • Triglycerides that contain double bonds ( dehydrogenated) are liquids at room temp and more digestable

  43. Nucleic Acids • Made of monomers called nucleotides • DNA- deoxyribonucleicacid • RNA- ribonucleic acid • These molecules carry all the hereditary information of living things

  44. DNA Basic Composition • DNA is made up of nucleotides • Nucleotides are made of …………...Deoxyribose sugar ……………Phosphate ……………Base bases are guanine,cytosine, thymine and adenine

  45. RESPIRATION SYNTHESIS C A T A B O L I S M A N A B O L I S M ATP SYNTHESIS FROM ADP + Pi

  46. Free Energy • Ability to do work in the cell or ecosystem.

  47. ATP formation + G ENDERGONIC Stores energy in phosphate bond ATP breakdown - G EXERGONIC Releases energy between phosphates Energy Transfer

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