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Overview of Networking Standards: Ethernet, FDDI, and Wireless Technologies

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This chapter provides an in-depth overview of various networking standards including Ethernet, FDDI, and wireless protocols such as IEEE 802.11. Ethernet is the predominant local area network (LAN) protocol operating at the data-link layer, with DIX and IEEE 802.3 standards detailing its specifications. FDDI utilizes a token-passing MAC mechanism, supporting high-speed fiber optic communication. Additionally, the chapter covers media access control (MAC), collision domains, and the differences between hubs and switches, illustrating key networking concepts and structures.

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Overview of Networking Standards: Ethernet, FDDI, and Wireless Technologies

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  1. Chapter Overview • Ethernet • FDDI • Wireless Networking

  2. Example

  3. MAC address • On the card- supposed to be fixed • I/G – individual or global (broadcast) • G/L – global or local address

  4. Ethernet Standards • Ethernet is the most popular local area network (LAN) protocol operating at the data-link layer. • There are two sets of Ethernet standards: • DIX Ethernet • Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.3

  5. DIX Ethernet Standards • DIX Ethernet. Also known as thick Ethernet, ThickNet, or 10Base5 • DIX Ethernet II. Retains 10Base5 and adds 10Base2 (thin Ethernet)

  6. IEEE 802.3 Standards • IEEE 802.3. 10Base5, 10Base2, and 10Base-T • IEEE 802.3u. Fast Ethernet • IEEE 802.3z and IEEE 802.3ab. Gigabit Ethernet • A lot more lately – ready wikipedia for a recent list, the latest is to define 100 Gbit/s, many utilizes all four pairs of wire.

  7. DIX Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Components • Physical layer specifications • Frame format • CSMA/CD MAC mechanism

  8. Standard 10-Mbps Ethernet Specifications

  9. Fast Ethernet (100 to 10 G Mbps) Specifications

  10. Gigabit Ethernet (1,000 Mbps) Specifications

  11. Coaxial Ethernet Standards • 10Base5 (thick Ethernet) • 10Base2 (thin Ethernet)

  12. Coaxial Network Characteristics • Runs at 10 Mbps • Uses the bus topology • Uses mixing segments

  13. Mixing Segments

  14. UTP Network Characteristics • Runs at various speeds up to 10Gbps • Uses the star topology • Requires a hub/Switch • Uses link segments

  15. Link Segments

  16. Fiber Optic Ethernet • Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL) • IEEE 802.3 fiber optic standards: • 10Base-FL • 10Base-FB • 10Base-FP • 100Base-FX • Gigabit Ethernet standards • 10 GbEthernet standards

  17. The 5-4-3 Rule • A standard network can have no more than FIVE segments, connected by FOUR repeaters, of which no more than THREE segments can be mixing segments.

  18. A Coaxial 5-4-3 Network

  19. The Ethernet Frame Format

  20. Ethernet_II and 802.3 messages

  21. Media Access Control (MAC) • Is the mechanism that enables multiple computers to use the same network medium without conflicting

  22. CSMA/CD Phases

  23. Collisions • Collisions are also called signal quality errors. • They are normal on Ethernet networks. • The frequency of collisions increases as network traffic increases. • Late collisions are a sign of a serious problem. • Collision domain – a segment of network that can may collide with each other. It is different from a broadcasting domain

  24. The difference between hub and switch • Hub broadcast • Switch is one to one, still support broadcast, CSMA/CD still is necessary • Hub is, mostly, at the physical layer • Switch is at the Data-Link layer

  25. Channel Bonding • Using of multiple connections to have fault tolerance and performance gain

  26. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Characteristics • First commercial 100-Mbps fiber optic protocol • Uses the token passing MAC mechanism • Supports both singlemode and multimode cable

  27. FDDI Topologies • Double ring • Logical ring • Dual ring of trees

  28. Dual Ring of Trees

  29. IEEE 802.11 Standards • IEEE 802.11a. Speeds of 1 to 2 Mbps • IEEE 802.11b. Speeds of 5.5 to 11 Mbps • IEEE 802.11g. Speeds up to 54 Mbps • IEEE 802.11n. Speeds up to 150 Mbps • IEEE 802.11ac up Gbps • IEEE 802.11ad 7Gbps

  30. IEEE 802.11 Topologies • Ad hoc. Wireless computers communicating with each other • Infrastructure. Wireless computers using an access point to communicate with a cabled network • What is the latest? -- 802.11ad

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