Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 Forces and the Laws of Motion

2. Force • A push or pull exerted on an object that causes the object’s velocity to change • The object will accelerate • Three ways to accelerate: speed up, slow down, or to change the direction of velocity • No force applied if the object maintains the same velocity • A vector • direction and magnitude • indicated by boldfaced F in your textbook

3. System • An object of interest on which force is applied • Everything else is called external world (Ex) System? External world?

4. Contact Forces • Forces applied when the system and the external world are in contact (Ex) (Ex) Air resistance (=drag), friction, normal force, external push or pull, tension

5. Field Force • Gravitational (2) Magnetic *Gravitational field force = weight

6. Agent • applies a force on a system (Ex) I push a book with my hand. System? Agent? (Ex) A falling book. System? Agent? • Without an agent, a force can’t be applied

7. Free-body Diagram • a drawing that shows the system and the forces acting on it • A dot to represent the system • Arrows for the forces and identify each force with “Fagent” (Ex)

8. Practices • Identify all the forces. • an object free falling (Ignore air resistance) • a sky diver falling at a constant velocity (Air exerts upward force on the person)

9. 3) A cable pulls a crate at a constant speed across a horizontal surface. The surface provides a force that resists the crate’s motion • A rope lifts a bucket at a constant speed. (Ignore air resistance) • A rope lowers a bucket at a constant speed. (Ignore air resistance)

10. Types of Forces • Friction, Ff • Normal Force, FN : Any force coming from the surface and acting at a right angle to the surface

11. 3) Spring force, Fsp 4) Tension force, FT

12. Tension, FT • The total force on the massless rope = 0

13. 5) thrust force, Fthrust

14. 6) Weight = gravitation force, Fg(Always vertically downward) *Scales measure weight while balances measure mass

15. Net Force • the vector sum of all forces exerted on an object • Fnet= F1 + F2 + F3 + …… (Ex) Determine the net force. *When Fnet = 0, the system is said to be at equilibrium and the forces are balanced *Object may be at rest or moving at a constant velocity

16. Fnet ≠ 0 • Fnet= F1 + F2 + F3 + …… ≠ 0 • The forces are unbalanced • Object accelerates in the direction of the net force • “Acceleration” = the change in velocity

17. Common Mistake with Net Force Fapp = 60 N Fapp = 60 N What is the net force? Fg = ‒40 N Fg = ‒40 N

18. Sample Problem, 4A, Pg 132 Derek left a physics book on a table inclined at 35 ˚ angle. The weight of the book = 22 N, the friction = 11 N; the normal force = 18 N • Find the net external force acting on the book. • Determine if the book will remain on the table.

19. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion • 1st Law = law of inertia • inertia: the tendency of an object to resist any change • 2nd Law = force-acceleration relationship • 3rd Law = action-reaction

20. First Law of Motion • If no net force is acting on an object, the object will continue to stay at rest or to move with constant speed. • Demos (2 min)

21. 2nd Law of Motion • Fnet = a∙m • Units of force: kg∙m/s2, N (1 N = 1 kg∙m/s2) (Ex) 1 N is the force needed to increase the speed of 1 kg of mass 1 m/s for every second • 1 kg ≈ 2 lbs • 1 m/s ≈ 1 yd/s • The object accelerates in the same direction as the net force • Fg = g∙m • g = -9.8m/s2

22. Examples • A watermelon has the mass of 4.0 g. What is the weight of the melon? • Taru and Reiko simultaneously grab a 0.75-kg piece of rope and begin tugging on it in opposite directions. If Taru pulls with a force of 16.0 N and the rope accelerates away from her at 1.25 m/s2, with what force is Reiko pulling?

23. Newton's 2nd law (9 min)

24. 4) One of the floats in a Thanksgiving Day parade requires four people pulling on ropes to maintain a constant speed of 3.0 km/h for the float. Two people pull with a force of 210 N each, and the other two pull with a force of 140 N each. What is the force of friction between the float and the ground?

25. 5) A large model rocket engine can produce a thrust of 12.0 N upon ignition. This engine is part of a rocket with a total mass of 0.288 kg when launched. a) What is the net force that is acting on the model rocket just after it leaves the ground? b) What is the initial acceleration of the rocket?

26. Apparent Weight • The weight read on a scale • at still • accelerating upward • accelerating downward • free falling

31. Apparent Weight • The weight read on a scale • at still (apparent weight = weight) • accelerating upward (apparent weight > weight) • apparent wt = wt + ma • accelerating downward (apparent weight < weight) • apparent wt = wt - ma • free falling • apparent wt = 0 (wt = ma)

32. Example Your mass is 75.0 kg, and you are standing on a bathroom scale in an elevator. Starting from rest, the elevator accelerates upward at 2.00 m/s2 for 2.00 s and then continues at a constant speed. • What is your weight at rest? • What is your weight reading while the elevator was accelerating?

33. Types of Forces • Friction, Ff • Normal Force, FN • Spring force, Fsp • Tension force, FT • Thrust force, Fthrust • Weight • Apparent weight

34. Effect of Apparent Weight

35. Effect of Apparent Weight • http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3381069933559988396#

36. Spring Force, Fsp What is the mathematical relationship between Fsp and x? What is the “stretchability” of the spring (spring constant)?

38. Examples 1) How much force is required to accelerate a 22 kg mass at 6 m/s2?

39. 2) A 50 kg rocket generates 990 N of thrust. What will be its acceleration if it is launched straight up?

40. 3) What will be the acceleration of the 10 kg block below?

41. Drag Force 1) Force exerted by a fluid (gas or liquid) on a moving object in the opposite direction to motion • Magnitude depends on: • speed of object (faster speed = greater drag force) • shape and size of object (pointy vs. blunt) • properties of fluid (thick fluid vs. thin fluid) *viscosity = resistance to flow (higher viscosity = thicker fluid)

42. 2) terminal velocity • the max velocity reached by a falling object • the velocity when weight = drag force

43. A Sky diver falling in his belly *Terminal velocity for a sky diver with arms and legs tucked in = 90 m/s

44. Interaction Forces(Newton’s 3rd Law) • Forces always come in pairs • For every action, there’s an equal an opposite reaction. • Object A exerts force on Object B; B does the same on A

45. Examples A gunpowder explosion creates hot gases that expand outward allowing the rifle to push forward on the bullet. What is the other force? Kent Budgett is pulling upon a rope that is attached to a wall. In the bottom picture, the Kent is pulling upon a rope that is attached to an elephant. In each case, the force scale reads 500 Newton. What is the other force in each case?

46. Identify the interaction forces • 2) 3) 4)

47. 5) 6)

48. Interaction Pair(Action-Reaction Pair) • Two forces that are opposite in directions and have equal magnitude • FAon B = -FB on A (Ex) Earth pulls me (= weight) and I pull Earth with equal force • Newton’s 3rd Law (Action – Reaction Law)

50. Newton's third law (6 min)