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Structure and Function of the Human Body - Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

Learn about the anatomy, physiology, diseases, and preventive measures related to the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems. Understand the role of joints, bones, muscles, and skin in movement, protection, and energy removal. Explore major diseases and disorders, along with age-related changes, and discover preventive measures.

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Structure and Function of the Human Body - Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

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  1. Chapter 7 Structure and Function of the Human Body

  2. Definitions • Anatomy • Physiology • Diseases • Pathophysiology (continued)

  3. Definitions • Etiology • Signs and symptoms • Objective • Subjective • Diseases and syndromes (continued)

  4. Definitions • Diagnostic procedures • Diagnosis • Treatment • Prognosis • Prevention (continued)

  5. Definitions • Wellness • Illness • Prevention • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary

  6. Question • Which of the following is an example of objective data? • Headache • High blood pressure • Numbness in arm

  7. Answer • B. High blood pressure • Objective data • Can be observed by health care worker • E.g., high blood pressure reading • Subjective data • Not directly observable and reported by patient • E.g., headache, numbness

  8. Genetics • Inherited characteristics • Impact on medical disorders • Impact on body systems

  9. Systems of the Body • Body system • When two or more organs combine to perform major body function • Interrelated • Maintain homeostasis or wellness

  10. Movement and Protection • Skeletal, muscular, and integumentary • Provide support • Allow movement • Protect body

  11. Skeletal System • Functions of bones: • Give shape to body • Provide place for muscles to attach • Protect internal organs • Store minerals • Manufacture blood cells (continued)

  12. Skeletal System • Newborns have 270 bones • Adults have approximately 206 bones • Long bones • Short bones • Flat bones • Irregular bones

  13. Bone Structure • Medullary canal • Diaphysis • Epiphyses • Periosteum • Red marrow • Cartilage

  14. Long Bone Structures

  15. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Inner ear • Hyoid • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum

  16. Appendicular Skeleton • Shoulders • Arms • Hands • Pelvis • Legs • Feet

  17. Joints • Articulation • Synovial fluid • Ligaments • Bursa • Joint types

  18. Joint Movement

  19. Skeletal System • Major diseases and disorders • Preventive measures • Age-related changes

  20. Question • Which of the following movements would be an example of adduction? • Raising the arm away from the side of the body • Turning the palm face upward • Pulling the leg toward the median

  21. Answer • C. Pulling the leg toward the median • Adduction • Movement toward median plane of body • Abduction • Raising arm away from side of body • Supination • Turning palm face upward

  22. Muscular System • More than 600 muscles • Cardiac (heart) • Skeletal • Smooth (visceral) • Sphincter (dilator)

  23. Muscle Characteristics • Contractibility • Excitability (irritability) • Extensibility • Elasticity

  24. Skeletal Muscle • Attached to bones by tendons • Fascia • Origin and insertion • Belly (continued)

  25. Skeletal Muscle • Prime mover • Antagonist • Spasticity • Atrophy • Contracture

  26. Muscular System • Major diseases and disorders • Preventive measures • Age-related changes

  27. Question • True or False: • Gangrene is caused by a virus that kills muscle tissue.

  28. Answer • False • Gangrene caused by bacteria that kills muscle tissue • Not virus

  29. Animation Click Here to Play The Shoulder Injuries Animation

  30. Integumentary System • Largest organ • Protects from environmental hazards • Controls temperature • Prevents dehydration • Skin and appendages

  31. Layers of the Skin • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous tissue • Appendages

  32. The Skin

  33. Skin Structures

  34. Animation Click Here to Play The Skin Animation

  35. Integumentary System • Major diseases and disorders • Preventive measures • Age-related changes

  36. Question • Which of the following is the outer layer of skin? • Dermis • Subcutaneous • Epidermis

  37. Answer • C. Epidermis • Epidermis • Outer layer • Dermis • Second layer • Subcutaneous • Innermost layer

  38. Energy and Removing Waste • Various systems: • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary

  39. Cardiovascular System • Transports • Regulates temperature • Consists of heart and blood vessels • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries

  40. Cardiopulmonary Circulation

  41. Heart • Endocardium • Myocardium • Pericardium • Right and left atria • Right and left ventricles • Valves

  42. Circulation • Flow of blood throughout body • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Electrical system

  43. Electrical System

  44. Animation Click Here to Play The Heart Animation

  45. Blood • Red blood cells (RBC) • White blood cells (WBC) • Platelets • Plasma

  46. Animation Click Here to Play The Blood Animation

  47. Cardiovascular System • Major diseases and disorders • Preventive measures • Age-related changes

  48. Question • True or False: • The atrioventricular (AV) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart.

  49. Answer • False • Sinoatrial (SA) node • Natural pacemaker of heart

  50. Lymphatic System • Second transportation system • Consists of the following: • Lymph • Lymphatic ducts • Lymph nodes • Role of spleen • Immune response

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