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Plant Anatomy and Growth for Beginners

Explore basic plant anatomy including roots, shoots, leaves, and tissues. Learn about photosynthesis, vascular systems, and plant growth processes. Discover how structure and function are interconnected in plants.

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Plant Anatomy and Growth for Beginners

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  1. Plant Anatomy

  2. Basic Plant Anatomy • root • root tip • root hairs • shoot (stem) • nodes • internodes • buds • terminal or apical buds • axillary buds • flower buds & flowers • leaves • mesophyll tissue • veins (vascular bundles)

  3. Leaves • Function of leaves • photosynthesis • energy transformation • organic matter production • gas exchange • transpiration simple vs. compound

  4. Modified leaves tendrils (peas) spines (cacti) succulent leaves colored leaves (poinsetta)

  5. Interdependent Systems • Both systems depend on the other • roots depend on sugars produced by photosynthetic leaves • shoots depend on water & minerals absorbed from the soil by roots sugars water &minerals

  6. Plant TISSUES • Dermal • epidermis (“skin” of plant) • single layer of tightly packed cells that covers & protects plant • Ground • bulk of plant tissue • photosynthetic mesophyll, storage • Vascular • transport system in shoots & roots • xylem & phloem

  7. Vascular tissue vessel elements • Xylem • move water & minerals up from roots • dead cells at functional maturity • only cell walls remain • need empty pipes to efficiently move H2O • transpirational pull vessel element dead cells Aaaah… Structure–Functionagain! tracheids

  8. Phloem: food-conducting cells • carry sugars & nutrients throughout plant sieve tube companion cell sieve plate plasmodesmata living cells

  9. Aaaah… Structure–Functionagain! Phloem • Living cells at functional maturity • cell membrane, cytoplasm • control of diffusion • lose their nucleus, ribosomes & vacuole • more room for specialized transport of liquid food (sucrose) • Cells • sieve tubes • sieve plates — end walls — have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells • companion cells • nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube • help sieve tubes

  10. Phloem: food-conducting cells • sieve tube elements & companion cells

  11. Plant Growth

  12. Growth in Plants • Specific regions of growth: Meristems • Stem cells: perpetually embryonic tissue • Regenerate new cells • Apical shoot meristem • growth in length • primary growth • Apical root meristem • growth in length • primary growth • Lateral meristem • growth in girth • secondary growth

  13. Apical meristems shoot root

  14. Primary xylem Growth in Woody Plants Primary phloem • Woody plants grow in height from tip • primary growth • apical meristem • Woody plants grow in diameter from sides • secondary growth • lateral meristems • vascular cambium • makes 2° phloem & 2° xylem • cork cambium • makes bark Epidermis Lateral meristems Secondary xylem Primary phloem Primary xylem Secondary phloem Annual growth layers Bark

  15. Secondary Growth • Secondary Growth • growth in diameter • thickens & strengthens older part of tree • cork cambium makes bark • growing ring around tree • vascular cambium makes xylem & phloem • growing ring around tree

  16. Where will the carving be in 50 years?

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