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Introduction to Digital Data in Remote Sensing: Concepts and Formats

This chapter, led by Dr. Cheng-Chien Liu from the Department of Earth Sciences at National Cheng Kung University, outlines the fundamental aspects of digital data in remote sensing. It includes a comparison of photographic and electronic imaging, acquisition methods using digital sensors, and the various data formats used, such as raster and vector formats. Discussion on storage options, display characteristics, and relevant terminology is also presented to give learners a comprehensive understanding of how digital data is processed and utilized in remote sensing applications.

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Introduction to Digital Data in Remote Sensing: Concepts and Formats

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  1. Chapter 4 Digital Data Introduction to Remote Sensing Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University Last updated: 20 October 2004

  2. Outline • Introduction • Acquisition • Format • Storage • Display • Terminology

  3. Introduction • Comparison between photographic and electronic imaging (Table 2.3) • Electronic imaging  wider range • Higher exposure latitude • Digital signal  storage, process, transmit, distribution, duplication • Rapid turnaround time • Images are immediately available & computer-ready

  4. Acquisition • Digital sensor • AC  DC • Gain • Compression • Transmission • Storage • Distribution • Duplication

  5. Format • Structure (Fig 4.12 in Campbell 2002) • Raster format • Vector format • Interleave (Fig 4.13 – 4.15 in Campbell 2002) • Band interleaved by pixel (BIP) • Band interleaved by line (BIL) • Band sequential (BSQ)

  6. Format (cont.) • Interchange • bmp • GIF (graphics interchange format) • jpeg • TIFF (tagged image file format) • Remote sensing • HDF • GeoTIFF • jpeg2000

  7. Format (cont.) • HDF (Hierarchical Data Format) • Created by National Centre for Supercomputing Applications • NCSA HDF home page • Mission • Support for the types of data and metadata commonly used by scientists • Efficient storage of and access to large data sets • Platform independence • Extensibility for future enhancements and compatibility with other standard formats • Documents and Tools • Example • ASTER, MODIS, SeaWiFS, …

  8. Format (cont.) • GeoTIFF • Created by over 160 different remote sensing, GIS, cartographic, and surveying related companies and organizations • TIFF based interchange format for georeferenced raster imagery • Web Page • Documents and Tools • Example: • ROCSAT-2

  9. Format (cont.) • JPEG2000 • Created by the JPEG committee • Based on wavelet technology • Compress and transmit without any distortion or loss • lossy image  clear image • Web page

  10. Storage • Unit • Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte • Media • CDROM/DVDROM • Tape • Disk array • Future media • Super-resolution near field structure • Quantum/biological storage

  11. Display • Size • Radiometric resolution • Rendition of color

  12. Terminology • Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) • See Fig 4.9 in Campbell 2002 • Full width half maximum (FWHM) • e.g. link • Image cube • e.g. link

  13. Homework • Make a table to compare the difference among BMP, GIF, JPEG and TIFF format

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