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Commentary on Particulate Matter: The Changing Assessment of Black Carbon in Public Health

This critical review discusses the evolving understanding of black carbon in public health and highlights the importance of considering various components beyond black carbon in air pollution studies. It evaluates epidemiological, toxicological, and human clinical studies, emphasizing the significance of certain components like carbon-containing particles and metals in health outcomes. Further research is recommended to clarify definitions and explore the impacts of different pollutants on cardiovascular and respiratory health.

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Commentary on Particulate Matter: The Changing Assessment of Black Carbon in Public Health

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  1. Commentary on the Critical Review Public Health and Components of Particulate Matter:The Changing Assessment of Black Carbon Ron Wyzga, SC. D., FASA Senior Technical Executive AWMA Annual MeetingJune 25, 2014

  2. Critical Review • Good compendium of literature • Rightfully points to role for BC • Needs to go beyond BC • other components • surrogacy • BC, OC as mixtures

  3. Rohr – Wyzga Paper • Reviewed literature through February 2012 • Epidemiology, toxicological, human clinical studies • Acute studies only (exposures ≤ 1 week) • No judgments about study methods, analyses • Studies had to consider at last 2 components and PM2.5 • Quantitative results were presented • Considered the most significant positive result

  4. Results – Epidemiological Studies Overall • 39 studies considered PM2.5 and at least 2 components • CVD response

  5. Results Epidemiological Studies II • Respiratory responses 15/26 studies for carbon-containing particles 12/27 studies for sulfates • Asthma 7/20 studies for carbon • Not much consideration of metals in epi studies • Ni, V, Cu, Si, K found greatest effects

  6. Limitations/Caveats • Considered any significant positive results • Methodologies not evaluated • No consideration of measurement error • Multiple comparison issue • Surrogacy issue • Two pollutant models not addressed

  7. Ito et al Results x = statistically significant

  8. Overall Conclusion • No major component is exonerated • More evidence for carbon-containing particles • Definition needs to be clarified • Need to go beyond EC • Some concern for metals, especially Ni, V with cardiovascular and respiratory; Al, Si with respiratory endpoints

  9. Health Analyses of Thermal Desorption Data Atlanta & Birmingham (2006 - 2009), Dallas (2006 – 2007) Health Data: • Medicare enrollees (>64 yr) • Total emergency CVD and respiratory related hospital admissions Air Pollution Data: • PM2.5 condensed-phase primary OC species (TD-GCMS) grouped by their chemical structure • At least 75% non-missing observations • At least 50% above the LOD • IQR/median > 0.3 • All criteria satisfied in all 3 cities

  10. Thermal Desorption Data: Atlanta, Birmingham, Dallas Combined Total CVD

  11. Conclusions • EC, OC are mixtures • Some components may be more important in predicting health effects than others • Need more detailed measurements to unravel air pollution – health issue

  12. Possibilities for EC • EC bad actor • EC, others bad actors • EC + other bad actors • EC a surrogate

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