RL-RC Circuits & Applications SVES Circuits Theory

1. RL-RC Circuits & Applications SVES Circuits Theory

2. Introduction • In this chapter, phasor algebra will be used to develop a quick, direct method for solving both the series and the parallel ac circuits. • Describe the relationship between current and voltage in an RC & RL circuits • Determine impedance and phase angle in RC and RL circuits

3. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram • Resistive Elements • Use R=0° in the following polar format to ensure the proper phase relationship between the voltage and the current resistance: • The boldface Roman quantity ZR, having both magnitude and an associate angle, is referred to as the impedance of a resistive element. • ZR is not a phasor since it does not vary with time. • Even though the format R0° is very similar to the phasor notation for sinusoidal current and voltage, R and its associated angle of 0° are fixed, non-varying quantities.

4. Resistive ac circuit.

5. Resistive ac circuit Voltage is 100 volts Peak

6. Waveforms for Last ExampleResistive

7. Phasor diagram of Example Resistive 20.0 100

8. Analysis of Resistive Circuits • The application of Ohm’s law to series circuits involves the use of the quantities Z, V, and I as: V = IZ I = V/Z Z = V/I R = Z

9. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram • Capacitive Reactance (XC) • Use C = – 90° in the following polar format for capacitive reactance to ensure the proper phase relationship between the voltage and current of an capacitor: • The boldface roman quantity Zc, having both magnitude and an associated angle, is referred to as the impedance of a capacitive element.

10. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram • ZC is measured in ohms and is a measure of how much the capacitive element will “control or impede” the level of current through the network. • This format like the one for the resistive element, will prove to be a useful “tool” in the analysis of ac networks. • Be aware that ZC is not a phasor quantity for the same reason indicated for a resistive element.

11. Analysis of Capacitive ac Circuit • The current leads the voltage by 90 in a purely capacitive ac circuit

12. Capacitive ac circuit.

13. Capacitive ac circuit, Voltage is 15 volts peak

14. Waveforms for Examplecurrent leads the voltage by 90 degrees

15. Phasor diagrams for Example 7.50 15.00

16. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram • Inductive Reactance (XL) • Use L = 90° in the following polar format for inductive reactance to ensure the proper phase relationship between the voltage and the current of an inductor: • The boldface roman quantity ZL, having both magnitude and an associated angle, in referred to as the impedance of an inductive element.

17. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram • ZLis measured in ohms and is a measure of how much the inductive element will “control or impede” the level of current through the network. • This format like the one for the resistive element, will prove to be a useful “tool” in the analysis of ac networks. • Be aware that ZL is not a phasor quantity for the same reason indicated for a resistive element.

18. Inductive ac circuit.

19. Inductive ac circuit Voltage is 24 volts Peak

20. Inductor Waveforms for Examplevoltage leads the current by 90 degrees

21. Phasor diagrams for Example. 24.0 V 8.0

22. Three cases of impedanceR – C series circuit

23. Illustration of sinusoidal response with general phase relationships of VR, VC, and I relative to the source voltage. VR and I are in the phase; VR leads VS; VC lags VS; and VR and VC are 90º out of phase.

24. Impedance of a series RC circuit.

25. Development of the impedance triangle for a series RC circuit.

26. Impedance of a series RC circuit.

27. Impedance of a series RC circuit.

28. Phase relation of the voltages and current in a series RC circuit.

29. Voltage and current phasor diagram for the waveforms

30. Voltage diagram for the voltage in a R-C circuit

31. Voltage diagram for the voltage in a R-C circuit

32. An illustration of how Z and XC change with frequency.

33. As the frequency increases, XC decreases, Z decreases, and  decreases. Each value of frequency can be visualized as forming a different impedance triangle.

34. Illustration of sinusoidal response with general phase relationships of VR, VL, and I relative to the source voltage. VR and I are in phase; VR lags VS; and VL leads VS. VR and VL are 90º out of phase with each other.

35. Impedance of a series RL circuit.

36. Development of the Impedance triangle for a series RL circuit.

37. Impedance of a series RL circuit.

38. Impedance of a series RL circuit.

39. Phase relation of current and voltages in a series RL circuit.

40. Voltage phasor diagram for the waveforms .

41. Voltage and current phasor diagram for the waveforms

42. Voltages of a series RL circuit. 61 V

43. Voltages of a series RL circuit.

44. Reviewing the frequency response of the basic elements.

45. Frequency Selectivity of RC Circuits • Frequency-selective circuits permit signals of certain frequencies to pass from the input to the output, while blocking all others • A low-pass circuitis realized by taking the output across the capacitor, just as in a lag network • A high-pass circuitis implemented by taking the output across the resistor, as in a lead network

46. The RC lag network (Vout = VC)

47. FIGURE 10-17 An illustration of how Z and XC change with frequency.

48. Frequency Selectivity of RC Circuits • The frequency at which the capacitive reactance equals the resistance in a low-pass or high-pass RC circuit is called the cutoff frequency: fc = 1/(2RC)

49. Normalized general response curve of a low-pass RC circuit showing the cutoff frequency and the bandwidth - 3 dB point normalized Cutoff point

50. Example of low-pass filtering action. As frequency increases, Vout decreases