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Post-Classical China Before the Mongol Invasions: Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

Post-Classical China Before the Mongol Invasions: Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. Unit 3: the Post-Classical World 600 – 1450 CE. After the fall of the Han Dynasty. Era of Disunity Technological advances continued Gunpowder, wheelbarrow Buddhism displaced Confucianism

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Post-Classical China Before the Mongol Invasions: Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

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  1. Post-Classical China Before the Mongol Invasions:Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties Unit 3: the Post-Classical World 600 – 1450 CE

  2. After the fall of the Han Dynasty • Era of Disunity • Technological advances continued • Gunpowder, wheelbarrow • Buddhism displaced Confucianism • Trade continued, but central government and bureaucracy declined • Chinese worried about foreign invaders and influence of their cultures

  3. Frankish Kingdoms Parhae Yamoto Japan Byzantine Empire Sassanid Empire Sui China Silla Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Ghana Axum Sui Dynasty 581-618 CE

  4. Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE) • Goal: Rebuild and reorganize China after the fall of the Han Dynasty • Methods of Change • “Land Equalization” System • Reorganize Confucianism and civil service • Drive out nomadic invaders • Established army of professional soldiers • Conscripted labor for lavish projects • Fall: • People were overworked and overtaxed • Assassinate emperor to start Tang dynasty

  5. Grand Canal • South: majority population, rice production • North: millet production; less populated than the South • Rivers ran east to west • Built Grand Canal to connect North and South • Oldest and largest canal in the World • People migrate to the North, make trade easier

  6. Carolingian Parhae Byzantine Cordoba Caliphate Silla Gurjara-Pratihara Tang China Heian Japan Abbasid Caliphate Ghana Axum States and Empires in 800 CE Tang Dynasty 618-906 CE

  7. Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Efforts to Improve Chinese Government: • Imperial examination system perfected • Tolerant attitude toward all religions (in the beginning) • Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries • GOAL: Conquest and Expansion • Uses armies to unite China • Extends borders to Afghanistan

  8. Rebuilding the Chinese Bureaucracy • Aristocracy weakened • Scholar-gentry elite re-established • Educated civil servants • 5% could become officials; rest stayed local as social leaders • Performed Confucian rituals, helped collect taxes, keep paperwork • Created meritocracy with best students running country • The Growing Importance of the Examination System • Birth, connections important for office

  9. Foot Binding • Under influence of Buddhism, women enjoy relatively higher status • Rise of neo-Confucianism stops this trend • Began in Tang, but not common until Song

  10. Culture and Economy in the Tang Dynasty • New technologies • More cosmopolitan culture • Cities growing • Some have population as large as 2 million • Reestablish safety and importance of Silk Road • Imported tea, wood and spices • Exported manufactured goods

  11. Tang Decline by 9thCentury • High taxation • Peasant rebellions led to more independent local rule around 907 CE • For 50 years, regional war lords ruled • By 960, Song Dynasty centralized but not able to unify due to outside groups challenging power

  12. Scandanavian Kingdoms Russia England Poland H.R.E. Mongol Empire France Hungary Spain Rum Koryo Portugal Almohad Caliphate Song China Kamakura Japan Ayyubid Caliphate Delhi Sultanate Mali Angkor Ethiopia Oyo Benin States and Empires in 1237 CE Zimbabwe Song China 960 – 1279 CE

  13. Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 CE) • Not able to unite as much as Tang Dynasty • Strengthen Confucianism and civil service • Established gov’t monopoly on tea trade • Become sea power • Create middle/merchant class • Merchants gain a bit more esteem in Chinese society • Deemphasize military and reestablished tribute system

  14. The Revival of Confucian Thought (Neo-Confucianism) • Libraries established; old texts recovered • Neo-Confucians reduce role of women • Promote arranged marriage and foot-binding • Stress on personal morality, rational and secular thought • Importance of philosophy in everyday life • Hostility to foreign ideas • Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced

  15. Decline of the Song Dynasty • Never that strong to begin with • Never able to unify all parts • Warlords control large parts in the north • Military and economic weakness • Scholar-gentry given control of army; ineffective • Paper money caused inflation • Mongol invasion • Establish the Yuan Dynasty

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