English 11 Writing/Communication Mr. Rinka Lesson #2

1. English 11 Writing/CommunicationMr. Rinka Lesson #2 Review Commas

2. End Marks – Quick Review DeclarativeSentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence ExclamatorySentence

3. Declarative Sentence A Declarative Sentence makes a statement and ends with a period. I just read a very interesting book. That new student is from Italy.

4. Interrogative Sentence An Interrogative Sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark (?). Where are your friends today? Who is coming to the party?

5. Imperative Sentence An Imperative Sentence makes a command or request. It often has an implied subject (you) and ends in a period (.) or exclamation mark (!) Pass the salt, please. Watch out for that car!

6. Exclamatory Sentence An Exclamatory Sentence expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark (!). That was a fantastic movie! I couldn’t believe my eyes!

7. Comma Review Comma placement is one of the most difficult writing concepts to learn. Learning these rules will go along way to easing that difficulty. Think “Pause”

8. Commas with Items in a Series We use commas to separate items in a series. (words, phrases or clauses) My mom, Dad, and sisters all went with me. We played in the yard, at the park, and on the playground.

9. People who watched on television, who listened to the radio, or who went to the stadium all enjoyed the game.

10. Commas with Items in a Series Some items are paired by “and”, so we do not use a comma. My favorite desserts are cookies, cakes, and whipped cream and pie.

11. Peanut butter and jelly, meat and cheese, and lettuce and tomatoes all make good sandwiches.

12. If “and” or “or” are used to separate items, then we do not need commas. Tom and Bill and Joe are all my friends. I will ask Jean or Sarah or Mary for help with this work.

13. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives that come before a noun. (Do not insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun) We sat on the hard, old, wood bench.

14. The cool, refreshing, tasty shake was perfect.

15. Commas actually replace the word “and” in a series, so if “and” fits and makes sense, then you can use a comma. The black and orange and white cat is mine. The black, orange, and whitecat is mine.

16. Be careful not to insert a comma between adjectives if the last adjective identifies the noun. He was a quick, talented basketball player. (He was a quick and talented and basketball player. = wrong)

17. I own a sleek, fast, black sports car. (I own a sleek and fast and black and sports car. = wrong)

18. Commas&Compound Sentences You can connect independent clauses with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction and, but, or, nor, for, yet (The dog barked), but (the cat slept).

19. (I decided to go home), and(Joe came with me). (Did Anna go home), or(did she go some where else )? (Bill will not practice), nor (will he play in the next game).

20. Comma Splice Do not use just a commato separate two Independent Clauses. This is called a “comma splice”, and it creates a run-on sentence.

21. WRONG!!! I went to the movies, Marie stayed home. Right!!! I went to the movies, but Marie stayed home.

22. Fused Sentences When two sentences are combined to make one and no punctuation is used, this is called a “Fused Sentence”.

23. WRONG!!! I went to the movies Marie stayed home. Right!!! I went to the movies, but Marie stayed home.

24. Nonessential Clauses & Phrases Commas set off Nonessential Clauses. Frank, who loves all sports, plays on our school teams. Italy, which has a colorful history, is a beautiful country.

25. Nonessential Clauses & Phrases Commas set off Nonessential Participial Phrases. Excited about her trip, Marie began packing last week. Sam Jones, working two jobs,was making good money.

26. When a Clause or Phrase is essential (needed) in a sentence, then no commas are used. The girl who sits next to meis very smart. The girl is very smart. (We don’t know which girl.)

27. Students missing more than three days will not pass. Students will not pass. (We don’t know which students.)

28. Commasafter Certain Introductory Elements. Use commas after introductory words such as “next”, “yes”, and “no”. Mild interjections such as “why”, “well”, and “oops”are followed by commas. Next, I want to read a mystery book.

29. Well, today will not be as good as yesterday. Yes, the test will be on grammar and literature. Why, I thought you had moved out of town. Oops, I forgot to do all my homework.

30. A comma should follow an introductory participial phrases. Talking on the phone, the friends lost track of time. Frightened by the movie, my brother could not sleep.

31. A comma should follow introductory prepositional phrases that are related (not just one). Inside the house at the kitchen table, the family is eating dinner together. By the end of the week on Friday afternoon, I am ready for a relaxing weekend.

32. A comma should follow an introductory adverb clause. Because we worked hard all day, we were paid extra money. (We were paid extra money because we worked hard all day.) Since I last saw you, I have moved to a new school.

33. Commas set off Elements that Interrupt a Sentence. My father, in fact, wants to volunteer with me. My sister, who is older than me, will help with algebra. We all must go home, nevertheless.

34. Commas should set off appositives and appositive phrases. SteveJones, my best friend, will visit me this weekend. My favorite singer, Van Morrison, is performing this week.

35. Commas should set off words used in direct address. Marie, will you bring me that book from the shelf? Your speech, Joe, was very good. I wish you could go with us, Steve.

36. Commas should set off parenthetical expressions. Common Parenthetical Expressions: however nevertheless I believe of course in fact on the contrary for example for instance meanwhile therefore

37. I will not, however, stay too long. The weather tomorrow, I believe, will be very nice. On the contrary, Steven loved the movie. We will be at the meeting, of course.

38. Commas are needed to introduce or end a dialogue. Joe said, “I love to play basketball.” “I love to play basketball,” said Joe. “Tomorrow,” our teacher said, “we will have a test.”

39. Commas– Conventional Uses Commas are used to separate items in dates and addresses. On Monday, June 23, 2006, our new address became 44 Oak St., Milwaukee, WI 53221.

40. Commas are not used to separate items in dates if the day comes before the month or if month and year are only given. June23, 200623 June 2006 June 2006 March 4, 2010 4 March 2010 March 2010

41. Commas are used after a name followed by an abbreviations like Jr., Sr., M.D. A comma will follow the abbreviation if it does not end the sentence. Nathan B. Willis, Jr., is speaking today at our school. Barton Williams, M.D., is my doctor.

42. Avoid using commas when they are not needed. My brother, Robert, said he would visit me and stay for two days while I’m on vacation, but now, he says, hecan’t make it. (Too Many commas!)

43. My brother Robert said he would visit me and stay for two days while I’m on vacation, but now he says he can’t make it. (Better!)

44. Additional Assignment #1 Do the following exercises. Lesson #2 Assignment 1 Lesson #2 Assignment 1 Answers

45. Additional Assignment #2 Do the following exercises. Lesson #2 Assignment 2 Lesson #2 Assignment 2 Answers

46. English 11 Writing/CommunicationMr. Rinka Lesson #2 Review Commas