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Commas

Commas. Commas: Rules and Examples. Use a comma to separate words, phrases, and clauses written as a series of three or more coordinating elements The band composed of Sheila, Beth, and Ali played at the wedding. Kelly walked on to the stage, took off her hat, and began singing.

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Commas

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  1. Commas

  2. Commas: Rules and Examples • Use a comma to separate words, phrases, and clauses written as a series of three or more coordinating elements • The band composed of Sheila, Beth, and Ali played at the wedding. • Kelly walked on to the stage, took off her hat, and began singing. • Use a comma to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that refer to the same noun. • The long, exhausting ride finally ended.

  3. Commas cont. • Use a comma to highlight sharply contrasted coordinate (related) elements. • Rashad was merely tired, not lazy. • Use a comma before any one of the coordinating conjunctions (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) when it joins two independent clauses. • Alex said he would be there, and I do not doubt his word.

  4. Commas cont. • Use a comma after an introductory clause. • When Rick finished the marathon, he was exhausted. • Being late, I could not eat breakfast. • To enter the contest, we needed a number. • Use a comma to set off nonessential appositives (word or phrase that renames a noun) • Hope, the group leader, was an articulate young woman.

  5. Commas cont. • Use a comma to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) phrases and clauses. • Max Weber, whose theories and writing helped establish the foundations of modern sociology, considered bureaucracy to be the most important feature of modern society. • That always introduces a restrictive clause. • Which always introduces a nonrestrictive clause. • Who/Whom can introduce either.

  6. Commas cont. • Use commas to set off items in dates, geographical names and addresses, and to set off titles after names. • July 4, 1776, was a momentous day in our history. • Do you know who lives at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C.? • Jeffery Smith, Ph.D., will be the main speaker.

  7. Commas cont. • Use commas to set off words in direct address (directly talking to a person). • Sir, the end is not yet. • It is up to you, Robby, to make the business succeed. • Use a comma after a mild interjection and after yes or no. • Oh, I suppose you’re right. • Yes, we do carry laser printers.

  8. Commas cont. • Use commas to separate direct quotations from the phrase identifying the speaker. • “I was able,” Haley replied, “to finish my homework in one hour.” • Use a comma before and after elements as for example, to be sure, in fact, however, nevertheless, and therefore, when they are used parenthetically (like a side note). • We do not, however, favor a school-wide electronics policy.

  9. Last slide about commas • Use a comma to prevent misreading a sentence. • To Carol, Tom was a hero. • In 1939, 40 ships were lost. • Avoid unnecessary commas. • Do not use a comma to separate a subject and a verb. • Do not use a comma instead of a period between sentences.

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