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Electric Charges: Types, Forces, and Conservation

This chapter covers the types of electric charge, forces between charges (Coulomb’s law), charge quantization, and charge conservation. Learn about conductors and insulators, semiconductors, and superconductors. Understand Coulomb's Law and the principles of charge quantization and charge conservation.

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Electric Charges: Types, Forces, and Conservation

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  1. CHAPTER-21 Electric Charges

  2. CHAPTER-21 Electric Charges Topics to be covered: • Types of electric charge • Forces among two charges (Coulomb’s law) • Charge quantization • Charge conservation

  3. Ch 21-2 Electric Charges • Electric Charges: Intrinsic property of fundamental particles • Fundamental particles: electron, proton and neutron with negative, positive and zero charges respectively. • Objects : electrically neutral (containing positive and negative charges in equal number) • Electron charge =1.602x 10-19 Coulomb (C) • Charged Object: Objects having net excessive charge of specific type • Negatively or positively Charged Objects: objects containing excessive electrons or missing electrons respectively.

  4. silk glass rod silk + + - - + - - + glass rod Ch 21-2 Electric Charges • Charging an object:Placing a charge on an object • Charging a glass rod in rubbing with silk: glass rod losses electrons- glas rod positively charged • Charging a plastic rod in rubbing with fur : plastic rod gain electrons- plastic rod negatively charged

  5. Ch 21-2 Electric Charges • Glass rod repels glass rod. • Similar charges repels each other • Plastic rod attracts glass rod. • Opposite charges attracts each other

  6. Ch 21-3 Conductors and Insulators • Conductors:Materials through which charges can move freely • Insulators(Non-Conductors): Materials through which charges cannot move • Semiconductors: Materials having properties between conductors and insulators • Superconductors: Perfect conductors allowing charges to move without any hindrance.

  7. Ch 21-4 Coulomb Law • Coulomb Law: The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion F between two charges is: F= kq1q2/r2 • Direction of F: similar charges (Repulsion): away from each other. • opposite charges (Attraction): towards each other

  8. Ch 21-4 Coulomb Law • Zero Force Positionbetween three charges along a line: • Pair of opposite charges: it is on the side of the charges , closer to weaker charge • Pair of similar charges: it is between the charges and closer to weaker charge

  9. Ch 21-5, 6 Charge Quantization and Charge Conservation • Charge Quantization: Objects can contain the charges which are integer multiple of elementary charge e=1.602x 10-19 C i.e charge q= ne where n is a positive or negative integer number. • Charge Conservation: Net electric charge of an isolated system is conserved and cannot change

  10. silk glass rod silk + + - - + - - + glass rod Ch 21- 6 Charge Conservation Conservation of Charge Consider a glass rod and a piece of silk cloth (both uncharged) shown in the upper figure. If we rub the glass rod with the silk cloth we know that positive charge appears on the rod (see lower figure). At the same time an equal amount of negative charge appears on the silk cloth, so that the net rod-cloth charge is actually zero. This suggests that rubbing does not create charge but only transfers it from one body to the other, thus upsetting the electrical neutrality of each body. Charge conservation can be summarized as follows: In any process the charge at the beginning equals the charge at the end of the process.

  11. Suggested Problems Chapter 21

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