1800 – 1850: Antebellum America1. Market Revolution2. Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Manifest Destiny3. Andrew Jackson and Era of the Common Man: Slavery and Abolition4. Sectionalism
Market Revolution • Period of growth and transformation in the American economy (first industrial revolution) • The South and the Cotton Kingdom • 1793 – Eli Whitney – The Cotton Gin • 1 lbs. to 1000 lbs. per day • 1792 – 6000 Bales, 1801 – 100,000 Bales, 1840 – 2 mil Bales, 1860 – 5 mil Bales • Demand for Land • Slavery –1820 - 1.5 Mil -1850 - 3.6 Mil -1860 - 4 Mil
Market Revolution • The North and Industry • 1791 – Samuel Slater – Textile Mill -1820 – 240 Mills in New England • Factory System and Coal Power, Interchangeable Parts – Eli Whitney • Labor: Lowell System: Women, Immigration: Irish and German, Nativism and Know Nothings • Urbanization - Tenements
Market Revolution • The Northwest: The Bread Basket • Mechanical Reaper, Thresher, and Steel Plow: Wheat and Corn • Northwest Industry – Food processing and farm equipment – Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee • Advances in Transportation • Steamboat – 1807 – Clermont – Fulton and Livingston • Canal Era (1820-1850) – Erie Canal – 1825 • 1850 – 3000 miles of canals • Railroad – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad – 1830 • 1850 – 9000 miles of tracks
Foreign Policy: Nationalism • In the early part of the 1800s, the United States was trying to defend its lands from threats from Europeans and Native Americans. Eventually, this would grow into a demand for more land to help end these threats and improve the economy. • 1803 – Louisiana Purchase – Mississippi River and Farmland • War of 1812: United States vs. Great Britain • Impressments and Native America Raids • Florida : Adams-Onis Treaty - 1819 • Monroe Doctrine – Latin American Wars of Independence
Foreign Policy: Manifest Destiny • James Polk: 1840s – Belief that it was God’s will to have Americans spread across the Continent • Texas – War for Independence – Annexation -1845 • Oregon – Treaty with British – 49th Parallel -1846 • Mexican War and Cession – 1848 In 1850, California became the 31st State in the Union and Americans had spread themselves across the entire North American Continent
Reasons for Westward Expansion • Manifest Destiny • Population Increase – 1780 – 2.5 million; 1830 – 12 million; 1850 - 23 million • Availability of Transportation - Steamboat, Canals, and Railroads • Availability of Land and Money: Desire for farmland (Cotton), California Gold Rush-1849 • Persecution: Mormons • Indian Removal Act: Andrew Jackson v. Cherokee Indians, Worcester V. Georgia, Trail of Tears, 116 Days, ¼ Died en route to Oklahoma
Andrew Jackson and the Era of the Common Man • Increase in Democracy • New voting requirements – no property ownership – 1820 – 24%; 1840 – 80% • Spoils System • Nominating Conventions and Electoral College • Reform Movements • Temperance • Education – Individual Worth • Horace Mann and Massachusetts • Public Schools and Literacy Rates • Republican Motherhood • Women’s Rights • Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony • Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 – “Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions”
Slavery and Abolition • Increase in Slavery: Abolition of Slave Trade- 1808, Natural Increase, Cotton Kingdom: 1820- 1.5 Mil, 1860 – 4 Mil • Changes in Slavery in the South • Plantation System and Deep South • Task System vs. Gang System • Overseer and Driver – Slave Codes • Peculiar Institution – Cared for and Christianized • Responses to Changes: • Slave Culture – Language, Religion, Music • Rebel – Slowdown, Theft, Destruction • Nat Turner’s Rebellion – 1831 - 57 Whites and 200 Blacks killed (20 were hanged) • Escape - Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman – (40,000 – 100,000 escaped)
Abolitionist Movement • Political movement to outlaw slavery • William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator; American Antislavery Society • Frederick Douglass: The North Star, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" • Sojourner Truth - The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave • David Walker – Appeal • American Colonization Society • Free- Soilers
Sectionalism The North The South • Urbanized and Industrialized • 70% RR, Telegraph wires and 2 ½ times the populations • $1.6 billion in goods • Supports Tariffs • Opposes Ext. of Slavery • Supports Internal Improvements • Supports Federal Power • Agrarian • Little means of transportation and communication • $155 million in goods • Opposes Tariffs • Supports Slavery • Opposes Internal Improvements • Supports States’ Rights
Sectional Conflicts • South Carolina Nullification • Tariff of Abominations • Andrew Jackson and Force Act • State Power v. Federal Power • Missouri Compromise • Balance of Power: 11:11 • Missouri and Maine • 36’30’ line across rest of Louisiana Purchase
Andrew Jackson: Criticized for abusing power in South Carolina Nullification, Cherokee Removal, and veto power.
