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The Market Revolution

The Market Revolution. Irish Potato Famine. Potato introduced in 17 th Cen. Irish adopt it as staple crop Reliance on it for trade and life 1845 Famine hits Crops turn black Mass starvation British no help Leads to mass migration Australia and US. US Immigration 1830-1860.

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The Market Revolution

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  1. The Market Revolution

  2. Irish Potato Famine • Potato introduced in 17th Cen. • Irish adopt it as staple crop • Reliance on it for trade and life • 1845 Famine hits • Crops turn black • Mass starvation • British no help • Leads to mass migration • Australia and US

  3. US Immigration 1830-1860 • In 1800 US population was 5.3 million • By 1860 it was 31.5 million • Between 1830-1860 550,000 new immigrants arrived in the US • Most were Irish and German • Why? War and…

  4. Anti-Irish • Large influx in such a short of time drew a lot of ire • Catholics • Depicted as drunk, lazy • Many pictures showed them apish, brutish, and usually poor • Would be a focal point of the Nativists

  5. Urban Growth • Irish filled the eastern cities • Unskilled labor • Problems • Housing, food, crime • Germans filled the northwest • Farming or businesses further west • Think Coors!!!

  6. Growth The US: 1789 The US: 1845

  7. Pro-Immigration • Industry • Cheap labor • Land Speculators • Expand population in west • Open new markets • Politicians • Increased population, especially in the west, meant statehood and votes

  8. Nativism • Growing anti-immigrant movement • Socially inferior • Drove down wages • Morally corrupt • Catholics!!! • Native-American Party • Growth of secret organizations like “Know-Nothings” lead to party affiliation and creation of American Party • Will remain and be adopted by future Republican Party

  9. Transportation and Communication Boom!!!

  10. Steamboat • Rivers became vastly more important • Importance of steamboats increase • Carried goods from farm to market • Also leisure travel thus boats got bigger and more lavish

  11. Canal System • Before: Road system terrible • Ruts and dangers made travel and commerce not feasible • Turnpikes: tools made it difficult for farmers • After • Travel was a bit safer • Canals connect rural farmers to larger East coast markets • Growth of small towns and canal ports

  12. Erie Canal • Began July 4, 1817 and completed in Oct. 1825 • Largest construction project US had taken before then • Connected Albany, NY with Erie • Economic BOOM • Tolls paid for it within 7 years • Helped to establish NY City as America’s economic center • Still active, but mostly for tourism

  13. Railroad • 1804 saw the invention of tracks and steam engines • Early R.R. were small and lost to canal competition • Post 1840 saw a boom in R.R. construction • Post 1860 would see the R.R. come to supplant canals and dominate American transportation

  14. Telegraph • 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse invents the telegraph • Marriage with telegraph lines and R.R. would connect America like never before • 1860 50,000 miles of line • 1861 connection between NY and San Francisco • 1862 consolidation into the Western Union Telegraph Company

  15. Journalism • 1846 Richard Hoe invents the Rotary Steam Press • Increase speed and lowers price of papers • Creation of the Associated Press • Press would be a unifying and dividing force • Unifying: Connects all parts of America • Dividing: Rancor and divisions now more prevalent

  16. Industrial American North

  17. Cottage Industry • Also known as “Putting-out System” • Most finished goods came from this prior to 1830 • Home based • Pick hours • Safety • Goods sent to market and wages based on output

  18. Cottage Con’t • The System • Manufacturer pays home worker • Home worker sews goods • Sent to finisher • Sent to cleaner • Sent to manufacturer • Sent to market

  19. Corporate America • Before 1830 • Corporations could only gain charter through state legislators • Long and costly • Post 1830 • States removed restrictions • Opened doors for investment

  20. Factories • Before 1820 most manufacturing done in homes • Growth of work force, interchangeable parts, technology, and capital opens way for factory system

  21. Lowell System • Lowell Mass. was center of textile manufacturing • Relied exclusively on unmarried women • System: Paternalistic • Good pay for the time • Lived in boarding houses • Well fed • Strict curfews • Required to attend church

  22. Decline of Lowell • Work • Long and tedious • Restrictions • Women + Money= ? • Competition • Immigrant work force made other factories more competitive • Lowell joins in

  23. Master/Apprentice • The Master/Apprentice system would be challenged by changes in industry • Master teaches the apprentice; known as journeyman until skilled enough to be called apprentice: 3-15 yrs • Apprentice takes skills, opens own shop (or takes over) and continues process • Deskilling of labor makes Master/Apprentice a thing of the past in most industries • Especially shoes

  24. Challenges to Factories • Trade Unions • Artisans united to challenge factory domination • Set up own shops as competition • Recruited workers in factories • Now in the factories • 1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt • Mass. Supreme Court ruled unions and ability to strike legal • Other states would follow with similar decisions

  25. A Changing Society

  26. Creation of a Class Structure • Industry helps to solidify and American class structure • Upper: Owner • Middle: Manager • Lower Middle: Foremen • Working: Skilled Workers • Lower: Unskilled workers • 19th Cen. saw clearer distinctions between the classes

  27. Social Mobility • 19th Century saw more social mobility • The ability to move from one class to the next • Hard work, ingenuity • It was very limited • But enough to make those who hadn’t think it was possible • Or instill in the next generation the idea that it could happen

  28. Changing Family • Shrinking Agriculture in North • Lure of the city • Jobs, money, social interaction • Decline of the family • Young leaving family farms • Causes decline and loss • Young women • Lured to city • More freedom • Also rape, assaults, abuse rises

  29. Women • “Cult of Domesticity” • Roles for men and women • Men: Work • Women: Take care of Children • Few rights for Women • Divorce, abuse, rape did not favor women • Godey’s Lady Book • Magazine that focused on non-controversial ideas, instead focused on “domestic” concerns • Growing involvement in Social issues • Especially children

  30. Leisure • Growing upper and middle classes saw more down time • Minstrel Shows • Actors in black face • P.T Barnum • Creation of the circus • Parks • Central Park

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