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Understanding Protein Synthesis: DNA, RNA, and Translation Processes

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farren
15 diapositives · 314 Views · Jul 27, 2014

This comprehensive overview explores protein synthesis, detailing the roles of DNA and RNA. DNA, made of nucleotides, stores genetic information and undergoes replication to produce more DNA. RNA, which is synthesized in the nucleus and includes mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, plays a crucial role in transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is converted into mRNA, which then travels to the cytoplasm for translation into proteins. We also cover key processes, including the actions of ribosomes and the significance of codons in protein synthesis.

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  1. Ch. 3 Part 4 Protein Synthesis

  2. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next • Made of nucleotides • 3 parts: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base • 4 bases • Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine • A and G are purines • T and C are pyrmidines

  3. DNA • A is complementary to T • C is complementary to G

  4. DNA Replication • Making more copies of DNA – needed when making more cells • Steps • Enzyme unzips DNA • Complementary DNA nucleotides match up with the old nucleotides • Enzymes zip 2 pieces back together • ½ is old, ½ is new

  5. DNA Replication • video

  6. DNA vs. RNA • DNA • Sugar is deoxyribose • Double stranded • Thymine • Stays in nucleus • RNA • Sugar is ribose • Single stranded • Uracil • Made in nucleus, leaves to cytoplasm

  7. DNA vs RNA

  8. Transcription • The process of converting the DNA code into an RNA code – in order to make proteins • Steps • Enzyme unzips DNA • RNA nucleotides match with the complementary nucleotides • New mRNA breaks away from DNA and leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm • DNA zips back up and stays in the nucleus

  9. Transcription • video

  10. Genetic Code • 3 nucleotides make a codon • Codons tell which amino acid goes where in the polypeptide chain • TRANSCRIPTION WITH AN R MAKES RNA • Practice transcribing • DNA says: A – T – T – G – C – A –A – G – G • RNA says:

  11. Translation • Types of RNA • mRNA – messenger – what was made after transcription • tRNA – transfer – carries amino acids to the ribosome to help make proteins • rRNA – ribosomal – makes up ribosomes

  12. Translation • The process of translating the mRNA code into a protein • What are the building blocks of proteins? • Steps • mRNA attaches to ribosome • tRNA brings amino acid (codons and anticodons must match) • Amino acid is dropped off, ribosome slides over on mRNA • Process is repeated

  13. Translation • Must start with a “Start” codon • Must end with a “Stop” codon • Practice Translating • DNA says “ T – A – C –A – C – A – C – G – C • mRNA says • tRNA says • Amino acid says

  14. Translation • video

  15. Summary